American history.

Ancient Americas from the start -200 A.D. 
Who really was first to America? Well I will tell you it was not the vikings , Columbus or some people from Siberia. The first Person to set foot in America was Adam. After him the first people to really settle down and make a Civilization in the Americas were the Jaredites (  as I write below, the record of the Jaredites was discovered by the people of Limhi, and was abridged by Moroni. Moroni was a righteous nephite prophet. He writes that he saw Jesus and writes about how great faith is. The record of the Jaredites, abridged by Moroni, was translated by Joshep Smith with the held of God ). The Jaredites were descended from Jared and his relatives.  Jared and his family lived in Babel. When the inhabitants of Babel ( I do not think this included Jared or his relatives ) started to make a tower to try to get to heaven, they were stopped by Heavenly Father. He made everyone speak different languages, so the could not understand each other and build the tower. Jared asked his brother to pray to The Lord and ask him to let the Brother of Jared, his family and friends keep their language. The Lord let them keep their language so they could understand each other. Jared then asked his brother to ask where they should go and if they should go. The Lord answered: " Go and gather together thy flocks, both male and female, of every kind; and thy families ; and also Jared thy brother and his family;  and also thy friends and their families, and the friends of Jared and their families. And when thou hast done this thou shalt go at the head of them down into the valley which is northward. And there will I meet thee and I will go before thee into a land which is choice above all the lands of the earth ". The Lord goes on to say that he would bless them in that land and make them a great nation. After this the Brother of Jared and their families and their friends, and their friends families, went to the valley. The name of this valley was Nimrod, they brought much food. Like flocks, fish, birds , bees ( which would give them honey) , and many seeds. When they came to the valley The Lord spoke to the brother of Jared from a cloud. The Lord told them to go into the wilderness , he went " before them " and gave them directions where to go in the wildernesses. Then they came to the sea, there they built 8 barges with the Lord guiding them. The Lord wanted them to go across the sea to the land of promise. The land of choice for righteous people. This land was and is America. The barges were completely airtight so no water would get in. The inside was completely black though and the air could run out . These were problems, the brother of Jared asked heavenly father what to do, the lord told them to make a hole in the tops and bottoms of the barges. The Lord said they should put a stopper in the holes. This stopper could be taken away to let air in and closed to keep water out. As for the problem of light the Lord told the Brother of Jared if he could come up with an Idea. Fire would not work, it would burn the barges, windows would not work because they would break. The brother of Jared went to a mountain ( which they had called Shelem ) and made 16 small stones. They were white and transparent almost like glass. Mahonri Moriancumer ( this is the actual name of the brother of Jared ) went to the top of a mountain and asked the Lord to touch the stones and make them glow with light. Because of his great faith he saw the finger of The Lord when he touched each stone. They glowed with light, then Mahonri Moriancumer saw the Lord and talked with him. The lord showed him many great things and it was wonderful ( " and blessed is he that is found faithful unto my name at the last day, for he shall be lifted up to dwell in the kingdom prepared for him from the foundation of the world. And behold it is I that hath spoken . Amen. " The Lord ). Then Mahonri Moriancumer went down the mountain and put the stones in the barges, they filled the barges with light. Then they filled the barges with food, and got into the barges themselves. They set forth into the sea with The Lord guiding them. The Lord caused great winds to blow them toward the promise land ( the new world ). There were many storms and the Barges were submerged under the water many times. The Lord guided them and they sang praises to him. They were protected from whales and " monsters of the sea ", and were continuously driven toward the new world. They were driven forward for 344 days on the water. And then they landed in the promised land/new world. This was around the mid-third millennium B.C. When they got there they " bowed themselves down upon the face of the land , and did humbles themselves before The Lord, and did shed tears of joy before The Lord, because of the multitude of his tender mercies over them ". After this they went into the land and started to farm it. They multiplied in the land and became known as Jaredites. Jared had four sons called Jacom, Gilgah, Mahah and Orihah. Mahonri Moriancumer had sons and daughters and so did their friends and rest of their family. They were taught in the way of The Lord and the land became filled with them. They probably settled in Mexico or a bit North of it. In a nutshell the history of the Jaredites in America: It started out with righteous people and ended with very wicked people. The Jaredites experienced wars, Famine, murder, secret combinations, riches and more. There were many kings , some righteous , some wicked. Their Record was discovered by the people of Limhi and abridged by Moroni. After a while the Jaredites wanted a king ( Mahonri Moriancumer warned them that a king would lead to captivity put they still wanted one ), they first chose Pagag the firstborn of Mahonri Moriancumer. But Pagag would not become king. So the people asked the brothers of Pagag, but they did not want to be king either. So they went onto Jareds sons. All but one refused to be king, this one was Orihah. Orihah became king over the Jaredites, and his people prospered. Then Jared and his brother died, but Orihah kept being righteous. Orihah's rule was righteous and prosperous. In his old age ha asked his son KIb to be the next king, and Kib did become the next king. Kib had a son called Corihor, and when Corihor was 32  he rebelled against his dad. He went away into another place and drew up any army. He then he marched his army towards the land where his dad lived, and took him captive ( this fulfilled Mahonri Moriancumer warning). Kib lived as a captive as Corihor ruled over the people. But another of Kib's sons, Shule drew an army to fight Corihor. Shule and his army overthrew Corihor and restored his father on the throne. Shule became the next king and he reigned in righteousness. He expanded his kingdom because it was getting to populated. Corihor repented and Shule gave him power. Sule and Corihor had many sons, and one of Corihor's sons was named Noah. Noah rebelled against his father and Shule, his uncle, the King. He drew a large army and had many supporters. He went to battle against Shule and took over some of the kingdom of the Jaredites. Then Noah fought the king again and captured him. But then the Shule's sons sneaked into Noah's house and killed him. They also freed their father and but him back on his throne. The son of Noah Cohor became the king of Noah's land and Shule kept his land. The land was divided into the kingdom of Shule and the kingdom of Cohor. The people under Shule were prosperous. When Cohor fought against Shule,  Shules army beat them and killed Cohor. Cohors son Nimrod did not try to keep his kingdom, he gave it to Shule. This made Shule like Nimrod, and he gave Nimrod power. Prophets of the Lord were sent to the Jaredites to tell them to repent of their wickedness. The Prophets said that if they did not repent there would be a curse and they would be destroyed. Some people mocked the prophets, but Shule arrested them and judged them. Shule mad a law that let the prophets go wherever they wanted. The people repented and were saved, and Shule reigned in righteousness all his days. The next king of the Jaredites was Omer. Omer had a son called Jared. And -like many other Jaredite princes- Jared rebelled against his father and went away to live in another place. He used his cunning and flattery to gain half the kingdom. Then he went to war with Omer ( again like many others  ) and captured him. Two of Omer's sons, Esrom and Coriantumr, were angry that Omer's kingdom had been taken from him. They raised an army and beat Jared, and they restored Omer to throne. But they did not kill Jared beacuse he had given his kingdom for his life ( he was about to be killed anyway, rather lose only your kingdom instead of your life and kingdom ). Jared became sad about his loss, and by evil secret combinations he overthrew omer again. But The Lord warned Omer and Omer left before he could be killed. But then a man named Akish had ordered him murdered , Akish was his son-in-law and became king after him. Akish and Jared were both wicked. Akish was jealous of his son and starved him to death. The dead son's brother ( the brother was called Nimrah )was mad at his father for killing his brother. So he and some other men went to live with Omer. Akish had other sons, these sons bribed people to follow them, and they started a war with their father. They were both evil and there was no real " good guy ". The war beetween them was long and killed everyone expect Omer, the people who had fled with him and 30 other people. Omer beacame king again, he was old and in 2 years he died. Emer beacame the next king , he was righteous and there was peace in the land. The Lord slowly took away the curse on the land, and the people became very rich. They had: " all manner of fruit, and of grain, and of silks, and of fine linen, and of gold, and of silver, and of other precious things. And also all manner of cattle, of oxen, and cows, and of sheep, and of swine, and of goats, and also many other kinds of animals which were useful for the food of man. And they also had horses, and " donkeys", and there were elephants and cureloms and cumoms; all of which are useful to man, and more especially the elephants and cureloms and cumoms. " . These animals ( the Cureloms and cumoms ) have not been identified yet, but they must have been large to go along with the elephant. As it says they had horses , so Native Americans once had horses, but by the time the spainards and other Europeans came, the horses must have been erased from America. The Lord gave many blessings to the land beacuse it was righteous. Emer saw peace in the land and appointed Coriantum to be the next king.  Coriantum was righteous and there peace, he lived to be very old without having children, but finally he had a son called Com. Com became king and ruled for 49 years, he had a son called Heth. Wickedness was spreading again and Heth became wicked. He killed his own father and became king in his place. Prophets of The Lord preached that the people should repent or a great famine would come upon them, but they did not listen and some even tried to kill the prophets. The king Heth told them to do this, he was quite the opposite of Shule. The words of the prophets cam to pass when The Lord sent a famine in the land. He also sent also poisonous snakes that poisoned animals and humans alike. Many people died, and some fled southward  ( probably to northern south america or southern central america ). The people began to pray to The Lord and asked for the famine to stop and they humbled themselves and started to stop being wicked. The Lord stopped the famine and made it rain. Shez became king because he was the only relative of Heth that had not died in the Famine. Shez became righteous and ruled better than Heth. During his reign his oldest son ( also named Shez ) rebelled against him. But because Shez ( rebel ) was so rich he was killed by a robber, and that ended that trouble. The king Shez built many cites and extended his hold over the land. After he died his son , Riplakish , became king. Riplakish siined and was not a good king, and after 42 year of his reign the people rebelled. He was killed and his family driven from the land. After many year a descendant of Riplakish , Morianton, got an army of outcasts and attacked the kingdom. He took many cities and after many years of war he gained control of the kingdom. He became king, and the people liked him, but he was not righteous. The next king was Kim , he was not righteous either. His brother rebelled against him and captured him, in captivity Kim had a son called Levi. Levi rebelled against the king and beat him taking the kingdom. Levi was righteous and his people prospered. He had a son called Corom and Corom became the next king. Corom was also righteous, the next king was Kish, after Kish was Lib. Lib was righteous and during his reign the poisonous snakes were destroyed. The Jaredites built a " great city by the narrow neck of land "( this was probably near or in Panama, although it could have been near the great lakes ) The Jaredites went south and hunted in the forest ( probably the Amazon or somewhere north of it  ).  The land northward was heavily populated while the land southward was a wilderness, used for hunting. The Jaredites were productive, they traded and " they did work in all manner of ore, and they did make gold, and silver, and Iron, and brass, and all manner of metals.....and they did work in all manner of fine work. And they did have silks, and fine-twined linen; and they did work all manner of cloth....and they did make all manner of tools to till the earth...and they did make all manner of weapons of war.....and never could be a people more blessed than were they, and more prospered by the hand of The Lord ". The king after Lib was Hearthom. Hearthom reigned for 24 years and then his kingdom was taken from him. He lived in captivity the rest of his life and had a son who lived in captivity all his days. After 3 generations of living in captivity all their days a descendant of Hearthom named Com took half the kingdom. After 42 years he fought with Amgid the present king for the other half. In the war he beat him and Com became king over the land. During his reign there were evil robbers in the land , and prophets came to tell the people to repent ( or they would be destroyed ). The people rejected them and tried to kill them. The next king was Shiblom, during his reign his brother rebelled and there was a civil war in the land. The people became wicked and there was famine in the land. After much hardship they began to repent and The Lord had mercy on them. Shiblom was killed and his son Seth, got captured. Seth had a Son called Ahah , and after Seth died in captivity Ahah took the kingdom and became king. He was wicked , after him Ethem became king and was also wicked. During Ethem's reign there were prophets that prophesied that The Lord would destroy the people unless they repented. The people did not listen and the prophets were sad. After Ethem the king was Moron , he was also wicked . Then a rebellion against Moron happened. The rebellion was wicked , a powerful man ( probably the leader of rebellion ) fought against Moron. This man took half the kingdom, and he kept it for many years. Then Moron overthrew him and got all his kingdom again. Then another powerful man , a descendant of Mahonri Moriancumer , overthrew Moron. Moron lived in captivity the rest of his life, and he had a son called Coriantor. During Coriantors lifetime there were many prophets of The Lord. They prophesied that unless the people repent , they would be destroyed. And that The Lord God would bring other people to dwell in the land ( these were the descendants of Lehi ). The people though kept being wicked and rejected the prophets. Coriantor had a son call Ether , and Coriantor lived the rest of his life in captivity. During Ethers lifetime the king of the land was Coriantumr. Ether was a Prophet of The Lord God, and he preached unto the people. He told them to believe in The Lord God and repent, or they would be destroyed. He said "by faith all thing are fulfilled, wherefore whoso believeth in God might with surety hope for a better world, yea even a place at the right hand of God, which hope cometh of faith, maketh an anchor to the souls of men , which would make them sure and steadfast, always abounding in good works, being led to glorify God. " . Faith is extremely  important , many great things are done by faith, The Lord gives men weaknesses that they may be humble, faith hope and charity are essential to salvation . Ether spoke about a New Jerusalem, and that the seed of Joseph would build it. He said that you would need to repent and be clean before God and then you would be numbered as the seed of Joseph. Ether prophesied many things, but , sadly, the people did not believe him. They threw him out, and he hid in a " cavity of a rock "  during the day. But during the night he went back to civilization and discovered the things that happened during the day among the Jaredites. While he hid in the cave he wrote his record of the Jaredites. (This record was later discovered by the people of Limhi, abridged by Moroni, and translated by Joseph Smith) The same year he was thrown out a war started among the Jaredites. Many men wanted to kill Coriantumur and obtain the throne. Everyone was wicked except Ether. There was a lot of fighting in the land, and The Lord told Ether to go talk to Coriantumr and tell him and his family to repent. And if they repented The Lord would not destroy them. 

Fast fact


Medieval Americas 200 A.D. - 1600

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Fast fact

Pre-revolution Americas 1600-1775

• Comparing French, Dutch, and English colonies, which ones attracted the most settlers, and which the fewest? How did these differences in emigration affect the various colonies’ development? What factors determined the kinds of relations the different groups of colonists had with the Indians?

(a) The English Colonies Attracted the most settlers, while the Dutch and French colonies attracted the fewest settlers.

(b) The low amount of emigration to French and Dutch colonies  made them develop into smaller colonies than the English colonies, where more emigration happened and a higher population was a result of it. The development of higher populated English colonies than the Dutch colonies led England to conquer the Dutch colonies, ending their Development as Dutch colonies. 

(c) The factors that determined the kinds of relations groups of colonists had with the Indians are: the economy of the Colony ( does it rely on a staple crop ? if so what is that crop? ) ( like in the Caribbean the economy of the colonies was sugar , and to "grow it effectively" to get "enough money " they "needed" a lot of laborers. At first they used the Natives as slaves to do the laborus work, but later on they used African slaves. (sad) But the economy of the French and Dutch colonies was fur trading, which required the colonists to form alliances and trade partnerships with the Native Americans, not too oppress them into slavery ), the Religion of the colony( Jesuit Missionaries preaching in Canada ), the leader of the Colony ( Governor Peter Stuyvesant of New Amsterdam antagonized Susquehannock Indians along the Delaware river by seizing a small Swedish colony where the Susquehannocks had traded. William Penn's plans required the colonists of Pennsylvania to live as "Neighbors and friends" with the Indians... as Long as Penn controlled the colony relations between the Indians and settlers were relatively peaceful ),  & the alliances of the Colony ( the alliance of the Pilgrims with the Wampanoags affected there relations with the Wampanoags positively and harmoniously , but it affected their relationship with the Wampanoag's enemies- the Narragansetts- negatively).

• Which English settlements were proprietary colonies? Did they share any common characteristics? What plans did the various proprietors have for their colonies?

(a)Maryland, Carolina, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania were are Proprietary colonies.

(b) Yes they did they all had a proprietor, Carolina and Maryland both had staple crops and many laborers to work in the Plantations. All but Maryland were restoration ( after the restoration of Charles II to the throne ) colonies. 

(c) In Maryland the Proprietor wanted Maryland to be a catholic refuge, and to give Catholics a lot of Political and economic power. In Carolina one of the Proprietors ( Anthony Cooper) wanted to organize Carolina according to a Plan that he helped make called Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina. The Fundamental Constitutions linked property ownership and political rights/power to hierarchical social order, with a colonial Aristocracy that had a lot of Land and enormous political power , below them a large class of freeholders who each would own small amounts of land and elect representatives to an assembly and at the very bottom would be slaves. The Proprietor of New York and New Jersey ( James, Duke of York ) kept New York for himself and granted New Jersey to his supporters, encouraged Dutch colonists to remain and promoted immigration from England to strengthen the colony, and was very reluctant to give New York an elected representative assembly. The Proprietor of Pennsylvania, William Penn, wanted the colony to be a model of Justice and peace, a refuge for Quakers, a harmonious society governed by brotherly love, a society of religious freedom, but also a society with a weak legislature and a strong executive ( him with most of the power ) as outlined in the Frame of Government William Penn's plan for the Government of Pennsylvania (1682) . 

• Religion played a major role as a motive for settlement in most English colonies. What were the religious beliefs of the settlers in each colony, and how did those beliefs help shape each colony’s development? Analyze the ways in which the various American colonies supported and restricted religious freedom.

(a)The Religious beliefs of each colony are in the chart below

Colony                                Established Religious Beliefs

Virginia                                          Anglican

Plymouth                              Puritan

St.Christopher                       Anglican

Barbados                                     Anglican

Nevis                                             Anglican

Massachusetts                           Puritan

New Hampshire                    Puritan

Antigua                                    Anglican

Montserrat                            Anglican

Maryland                                    None(Anglican after 1692) 

Rhode Island                               No Established religion

Connecticut                                  Puritan

New Haven                                 Puritan

Jamaica                                                    Anglican

Carolina                                                      Anglican 

New York                                                none

New Jersey                                               None

Pennsylvania                                No Established Religion( had Quakers, Anglicans and Puritans )

The Religious beliefs shaped each colonies development  by excluding many people that were not part of the Religion of the colony, and it caused disputes as in the example of the Maryland colony. Maryland was a Proprietary colony and was given too Calvert, lord Baltimore in 1632. Calvert was a Catholic and envisioned his colony as a refuge for Catholics who were a disadvantaged minority in England. He wanted the Catholic colonists to enjoy riches and political power in the colony, he would give Manors to Catholics and have people of other faiths as their tenant farmers, the manorial lords would also hold the most important government offices. But the Majority of colonists were Protestant and refused to work as tenants under Catholic lords, they claimed land of their own. In 1642 civil war broke out in England and in Maryland Protestants took advantage of the upheaval to contest Calvert's hold on the colony. To pacify them Calvert made a Legislature where the Protestants would dominate the lower house and est. the Act for Religious toleration , which gave freedom to worship for all Christians. Theses did not stop the Protestants from continuing to resist the Catholics political power. 

(b) The colony of Rhode Island founded by Roger Williams supported religious freedom because Williams advocated for the separation of church and state. The colony of Pennsylvania supported religious freedom by having the Frame of Government ( the plan for the Government of Pennsylvania written by William Penn ) which had a provision for religious freedom  in it.The Massachusetts Bay colony restricted Religious freedom by insisting on covenants, conformity ( of non-separatist  Puritans ), intolerance and having strict Church Membership ( and voting rights ) requirements in line with the Puritan religion .  The American Colony of New France restricted Religious freedom by requiring settlers to be Catholic and basically not allowing other religions in New France very much . 

• The Chesapeake, the West Indies, and Carolina were all colonies dependent upon staple crops. What were those staple crops? In what ways did staple crop agriculture shape society in each region? How was agriculture in New England different from agriculture in the South?

(a)The staple Crops are outlined in the table below

Colony                              Staple Crop

Chesapeake                      Tobacco ( sinful ) 

the West Indies                 Sugar Cane (unhealthy )

Carolina                            Rice

(b) In the West Indies and Carolina the Staple crop agriculture shaped society into Biracial colonies where Staple crop Farming required heavy/substantial investment in land, slaves, equipment and Mills , both were shaped into racially divided societies founded on the oppression of a black majority and permeated by fear.  

Staple crop agriculture shaped society in the Chesapeake by making the population overwhelmingly young and male ( because of the "need" for indentured servants to farm the staple crop ), making marriage much less frequent, also the Unhealthy region had a lot of disease which increased early death rates a lot disrupting the real and usual family patterns. The staple crop agriculture made settlers settle in separate plantations, compete with their neighbors for profit ( hindering a sense of community ), invest every penny of profit in land and labor, postponing investment in goods that would make them more comfortable ( like furniture and better food ). 

(c) Agriculture in New England was different from Agriculture in the South by not having a staple crop, but rather having a diversified economy, in New England the goal was to achieve a competency ( enough property to ensure the families economic independence, in New England they had family labor rather than indentured servants or slaves, they regular traded goods and services with their neighbors, making their life more comfortable, they sent livestock, lumber, fish and crops to places that needed it like the West Indies, they also became skilled shipbuilders and seafarers.

• Why did English colonists experience more frequent, and more violent, conflicts with the Native Americans than with the settlers of New France?

• Why were Catholic missionaries more successful than Protestants in converting Native Americans to Christianity in early America? Analyze the different attempts at conversion made by Protestants and Catholics in the New World. Which group was more successful and why? 
• Describe how and why most slaves were brought to America. When did Chesapeake planters switch from servants to slaves? Why did they make this change? How were the lives of slaves and indentured servants similar? Different? Was indentured servitude beneficial to those who entered into that servitude? Describe how the lives of slaves differed with respect to where they lived.

Most slaves were brought to America from Africa through the middle passage, most slaves were brought to america because the colonists needed a high amount of cheap labor for staple crops, like rice sugar and tobacco. 

Chesapeake planters switched from servants to slaves in the late 1600s ( 1680s and 1690s )Because in the late 1600s the availability of indentured servants decreased as the economy of England increased, and slaves became more easily obtainable because England's Royal African Company began shipping slaves directly to English buyers. Also Chesapeake planters found other reasons besides availability to switch to slaves, among them are : Slaves are a better long term investment ( self reproducing labor force because slave status passed onto slave's children and slaves were slaves for life ), they were easier to recapture if they ran away, and they were slaves for life , never to have a chance of being economic competitors with planters( or pose a threat like Nathaniel Bacon ). 

They both had to work for no wages, they both were unfree in a sense and they were both Human Beings  They were different by: slaves worked for life with no opportunity for prosperity even for their children , while Indentured servants worked for a set amount of years ( usually 4-7 yrs ) and then were free after that , so they had much more opportunity for prosperity  than slaves.Slaves came to the New World in a terribly fatal cramped area in the middle passage where up to 20% died, in contrast  Indentured servants came to the New World in much healthier conditions and had a lower death rate on the way to the New World. Indentured servants usually came to the New World seeking a better life and a chance at prosperity, on the other hand Slaves came to the New World against their will subjugated and imprisoned by slave traders and treated as property. 

Yes and No. Most of time indentured servants who had worked out their contract failed to receive prosperity especially in the Chesapeake colonies where established planters collaborated against freed indentured servants and sold them lousy land trying to stop them from becoming economic competitors, also in the Chesapeake colonies the men to women ratio was very high with an overwhelming majority of men , so the prospect of marriage in the early Chesapeake colonies was also very low. But some former-indentured servants did archive prosperity, and had their own indentured servants. 

The Life of slaves was worse in the southern colonies  and west indies than the northern ones ( slaves in the southern colonies and the west indies were mostly field hands and they were treated badly and forced to work under harsh conditions, while in the North slaves were more likely to be house hold slaves who though still having bad conditions were generally treated better in the north than in the south ) , and worse in the New World then in Africa ( in Africa slaves were slaves in name only , where thy were subject to little coercion, slavery was not necessarily permanent and it did not automatically pass onto slave's children, but in the New World slaves were treated with much more force and much harsher, also slavery was basically always permanent and slavery passed onto slave's children slavery was hereditary).

• By about 1750, more slaves in the mainland British colonies were creoles (American-born) than African-born. What effects did this have on the formation of African-American communities in America? Analyze the evolution of the black family unit in America.

it increased the formation of the African American family unit and encouraged it because creoles lived longer and had more children then African born slaves increasing the chance of having a regular family. It also increased African American community formation by increasing African American family formation and diminishing the importance of African ethnic differences ( increasing the allowance and chance of  different ethnic groups of African American slaves forming communities ) because creoles had no personal memories of Africa as they grew up. 

The black family unit in America was not as common in the 1600s as in the 1700s because they needed more slaves, ethnic and linguistic differences to deteriorate,  and enough slave women as well as men. The increasing number of creoles increased the number of black families because creoles lived longer and had more children then African born slaves increasing the chance of having a regular family. By the late eighteenth century more than half of Chesapeake and Carolina slaves lived in family groups but they were fragile and could be broken up easily by white masters. 

• Many European immigrants came to America in the eighteenth century, but they tended to settle only in certain colonial regions. What regions did they favor and why?

European immigrants favored regions where land was cheap and labor was most in demand ( the foothills of the Appalachian mountains/the western areas of middle and southern states ), because that would give them the most prosperity and opportunity for prosperity. 

• Compare and contrast the institutions of slavery that emerged in Virginia and the Caribbean. Though both colonial regions were under British control, how were they distinctive from one another? How were they the same?

The Institution of slavery in Virginia was much less harsh to the slaves than the Institution of slavery in the Caribbean. Virginia                  the  Caribbean

    staple crop tobbacco                  sugar`

   

Fast fact

Revolution and early United states Americas 1774-1850

Fast fact

Modern Americas 1850-Present























sources: Brainpop, Khan academy, Wikipedia and https://www.lds.org/scriptures/, Book of Mormon readers edition

AP US Government & Politics flashcards written down my answers and what I missed

Weeks v. U.S.
established the exclusionary rule ( illegally obtained evidence is not permissible to court ) for federal courts

Mapp v. Ohio
Incorporated and applied the exclusionary rule to the states.
missed:used the 14th amendment. Need to state definition of the exclusionary rule again when describing Mapp

Gideon v. Wainwright
Incorporated and applied the 6th amendments right to a lawyer/attorney/counsel to the states using the 14th amendments due process clause.

Miranda v. Arizona
Ruled that suspects must be informed of their constitutional rights ( right to remain silent right to a lawyer right to a speedy trial..) before being questioned.
established the Miranda rights that police must read to arrested suspects before questioning.
missed: they are called miranda rules not rights

Griswold v. Connecticut
Established the constitutional right to privacy that is implied in the bill of rights. Government can't interfere with birth control.
set important precedent for Roe.
missed: ruled that a connecticut law criminalizing the use of contraceptives violated the rght to martial privacy.

Roe v. Wade
declared that abortion is constitutionally protected ( which it isn't ) by the implied right to privacy in the bill of rights.

Wesberry v. Sanders
Extended the principle of "one person one vote" too congressional districts.
Ruled that districts had to be equally populated. Increases urban representaion in disticts a lot more.
missed: triggered wide spread re-distrcting that gave cities and urban areas more representaion in congress

Korematsu v. U.S.
Upheld the right of the U.S. government to massivley relocate Japanese-Americans. Seen by present day scholars as a flagrant vioilation of civil rights
missed: as a wartime necessity... civil liberites not rights

U.S. v. Nixon
Ruled that there is no constitutional right to unqualified executive privilege. Ordered Nixon to hand over tapes that had to do with the watergate scandal

Buckley v. Valeo
Struck down restrictions on how much a candidate could spend on his or her own campaign (in the Federal Election Campagin Act) declaring this to be free speech.
Upheld other parts of the law like limits on how much an individual can spend on a candidate.

Citizens United v. FEC
Ruled that corporations have a constitutional right to support and spend money on candidates. Removed restirction of campaign spending for groups that fund
political action but do not endcorse or coordinate with specific candidates , declaring this to be protected free speech by the 1st amendment.
This increased the number of Super-PACs( PACS that fund political action but do not endorse or coordinate with specific candidates )and
increased the amount of soft money spent.

Civil Rights Act of 1964
banned racial segregation and discrimination in public accomadations based on race color ethnicity and gender
Banned job discrimination based on Race color ethnicity and gender
Stopped federal funding for programs that went againts this law
missed:Enforced the 14th amendment...created the Equal Oppurtunity commission to enforce protections againts Job discrimination.
Upheld by the SCOTUS on the grounds that it had to do with interstate commerce.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965
outlawed literacy test and other discriminatory practices used to disfranchise African Americans and other minorities.
Allowed and provided for the federal government to enforce this law in polling places with a history of discrimination
Increased minority voter turnout.

The Clean Air Act 
Established air quality standards and allowed and provided for enforcement of the air quality standards.
missed: Increased the power of the federal government relative to the state governments...required states to administer the new standards and pay for their implementation
( unfunded Mandate). Private citizens can sue individuals and corporations that violated the act

The War Powers Resolution
Made to regain some of congresses power over deployment of troops into hostile areas overseas lost to the President. Requires that the Presisent notify
congress within 48 hours of deploying troops, that he should start bringing the troops home by 60 days and to have all of them home by 90 days unless congress
extends the time or declares war.

The Budget and Impoundment control act of 1974 
Made to help congress to regain powers previously lost to the president.Reformed the budget process. Established budget committees in both houses of congress, established the CBO (Congressional Budget Office). Severely restricted the presidents power to impound , or to not spend, funds appropriated congress.
missed: CBO evaluates the presidents budget...established a budget process that includes setting overall levels of revenue and spending.

The Federal Election campaign act 
Established limits on the amount individuals and PACs can spend on federal campaigns and candidates
Established the FEC to regulates federal election campaign finance
set rules for campaign contribution discloses
Limited how much a candidate can spend on his of her campaign ( this part was struck down by Buckley v. Valeo Supreme court case)
missed: Provided public funds for major party candidates in the general election. tightened reporting requirements

Americans with Disabilities Act 
Increased the power of the federal government relative to the state governments. Extended the protections in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to physically and/or mentally disabled people. Mandated that public accommodations ( that meet specific requirements) provide accommodations for disabled people without giving the money to do this , hence it is an unfunded mandate.
missed: prohibits discrimination against disabled people in employment.

Welfare Reform Act

Increased the power of the state governments relative to the federal government. Disbanded the aid to families with dependent children and replaced it with federal Block grants to the states which allowed the states to conduct the federal goal of getting people off welfare and into the workforce by their own discretion. Allowed for experimentation and innovation.
missed: illustrates devolution.

No Child Left Behind Act 
Increased the power of the Federal Government relative to the States by issuing standards all states must follow for public schools.
missed: requires states to develop assessments in basic skills to be given to all students in certain grades.
Represents a dramatic expansion of federal role in education.
HAS BEEN REPEALED

USA Patriot Act
Expanded the definition of terrorism to include domestic terrorism. Strenghtened US airport security. Allowed for searches of peoples property without the owner knowing.
missed :Increased the ability of law enforcement agencies to search telephone, e-mail, medical, financial and other records.

Top 20 Topics

The Incumbency Advantage
Incumbency is the single most important factor in determining the outcome of congressional elections
Incumbent members of the House win re-election more often than Incumbent Senators
Incumbents usually raise and spend more money than challengers and they usually are better known than their challengers. Incumbents can use a reputation for constituent service ( through casework and pork barrel politics ( when incumbents bring money , jobs and money for specific projects in their home districts home) ) to greatly increase their chance of being re-elected and House incumbent usually represent gerrymandered districts that favor his of her party. Some consequences of the Incumbency advantage are: Congress has many experienced members and it retains a continuity of policy, But Change is discouraged.
Missed:Incumbents can use the franking privilege which lets them send mail to their constituents at the governments expense to their advantage.

Federalism
Federalism is a system of Government where power is divided and shared between central and regional governments by a written constitution. Hence one geographic region has more than one government with authority over it. In the US power is divided and shared between the Federal government and state and local governments. Federalism can lead to policy fragmentation and instances where minority interests can delay or stop majority interests. Federalism also can lead to innovation and checks and balances. When state and federal interests conflict, the Federal government is Supreme. States are supposed to respect the licenses contracts etc of other states through the full faith and credit clause. States are supposed to give basic privileges like police protection and access to state courts to every U.S. Citizen through the Privileges and immunites clause

missed: Federalism decentralizes conflict, provides interest groups multiple points of access & creates opportunities for experimentation and diversity of public policy. The process of amending the U.S. constitution illustrates the federal structure of the U.S. Government. Federal Mandates and categorical grants have increased the federal governments power over the states.

Selection of Supreme Court Justices
The President appoints the nominee and the Senate has the power to confirm or reject the nominee. This is an example of checks and balances in the U.S. Government. The President usually appoints nominees with similar political beliefs and Judaical philosophy ( Judicial restraint or Judicial Activism)as the president. People with a Judicial philosophy of Judicial restraint believe that the court should use precedent and the framers original intent , they also believe that the SCOTUS should defer to the elected institutions for policy making. People with a Judicial philosophy of Judicial Activism believe that the court should right wrongs that the other branches of government don't. They point to the SCOTUS decision in Brown where the SCOTUS banned segregation in public schools. The POTUS also usually chooses nominees with impressive credentials and former judicial experience. Another factor the President takes into consideration when nominating a justice is race or gender. The nominee's name goes too the ABA for a professional rating and too the FBI for a thorough background check. The nominee's name also goes to the Senate Judiciary committee who debate, and give a recommendation to the full senate. The processes of confirming Nominees is more dramatic and intense when there is divided government.


The Electoral College
The Electoral college is an institution of 535 electors whose sole purpose is to elect the president based on the plurality vote in the states they are electors for. The Electoral college is a winner take all system which means that the winner in each state gets all of that states electoral votes ( there are 2 exceptions, Maine and Nebraska). This allows for the person who wins the popular vote to lose the electoral vote, like what happened in the 2000 election ( Bush v. Gore ) and this limits Majority rule. The Framers set up the electoral college to protect the presidency from the will of the uneducated public. The Electoral college is seen by many to be outdated, but to reform/abolish it a constitutional amendment would be needed and there is no consensus on how it should be reformed. The Number of electors each state gets is equal to the number of senators each state has plus the number of representatives each state has ( guaranteeing every state at least 3 electoral votes), For example California has  53 Representatives and like every other state 2 senators, so it has 55 electoral votes.
missed:It Benefits small states... POTUS & VP not directly elected...Plurality winner wins all of that states...Makes it hard for third parties to succeed. Encourages Presidential Candidates to focus campaigning on sing states. to win a Candidate has to get the majority of the electoral college ( 270 ) and if no-one receives a majority the House of representatives chooses the president.


African American Voting Patterns
African Americans used to be overwhelming part of the Republican Party , the Anti-slavery party, but during and after the election of FDR and the New Deal they have become overwhelmingly Democrats. They tend to vote for the more liberal candidate of their party. When the effects of Income and Education are erased, African Americans vote at a higher percentage than whites. But since those effects are not erased, African Americans vote at a lower rate than whites.
missed these are generalizations.

Voter Turnout
Voter turnout in the U.S. is lower than in most western democracies. The Majority of the U.S. electorate does not vote in non-presidental elections

                  More Likely to Vote |  Less likely to Vote         Key
Education  More Education        | Less Education               More likely Republican
Income      More Income Richer | Less Income Poorer        More likely Democrat
Age           Older                         |  Younger     
Gender      Women                      |  Men    
Race          Whites                       | Blacks and other racial minorities.    
Religion     Jews & Catholics     |  Protestants     
Cross-pressures, a low level of political efficacy and voter registration are all factors that reduce voter turnout
Divided Government
Happens when the President is of one party and the majority of congress is another party, or when the majority party in the two houses of congress are different. It Heightens partisanship ( making it difficult for compromise, slows the legislative processes creating gridlock, slows and complicates the confirmation of Federal Officials and contributes to the decline in public trust of the Government. Presidents attempt to overcome the problems of divided government by:

• Using the Media to gather public support ( Bully Pulpit) 
• Threatening to veto legislation
• Building coalitions with key interest groups 
• Barganing with wavering Legislators ( Pork for vote )
• Lobbying congress with the White Hose Staff  and
• working with Majority and minority Leaders in congress

PACs
A PAC is a committee formed by an interest group to raise money and make contributions to the campaigns of political candidates whom they support. Buisiness PACs have dramatically increased in number since the 1970s. PACs play an important role in supporting incumbent members of the HOuse. The amount of money PACs can spend on candidates is limited by law ( 5000 per candidate per election )

The Veto Power
The President has the power to veto bills passed by congress ( which stops the bill from becoming Law). He can do a direct veto or a pocket veto where he does nothing and congress adjourns within 10 days of his receiving the bill from congress. Congress can override a presidential veto with a 2/3 vote in both houses. Congress rarely overrides a presidential veto.The President can use the veto or threat of a veto to influence congress to write more favorable legislation. The President can only veto a whole bill not parts of the bill, the power to veto parts of a bill is called the line-item veto power and is held by many state governors. Congress once gave the president the power to veto parts of appropriations bills ( line-item veto power for appropriations bills ) in the line item veto act, to help decrease wasteful spending on earmarks and pork. The Supreme court struck down this act as going against the constitutional  principle of the separation of powers.
missed:in Clinton v. New York is the case where the SCOTUS stuck down the line item veto power for the president.

The President and the Cabinet
The Cabinet is a group of the heads of the 15 executive departments who advise the president. The President appoints members of the Cabinet and the Senate has the power to confirm or reject them. Cabinet members often have divided loyalties, when the institutional goals of the departments goals conflict with the presidents priorities, also Cabinet members and their departments often develop close ties with interest groups and congressional committees.
missed:The President can remove cabinet members without senate approval... the the fact that many of them have served under multiple presidents. Relationship with interest groups and congressional committees are called intrest groups.

Presidential Primaries
Originally the presidential nominees were chosen by the party elite and party leaders in congress. During the Andrew Jackson  era the nominating process came to be done by party conventions, but these came to be dominated by the party elite still. In the 1900's progressive reformers called for the nomination process to be made with presidential primaries, which give regular people the power to decide who their parties nominee is going to be, and states began holding primaries around this time. Today the majority of the states hold primaries to decide the nominee. Primaries can be open or closed, in open primaries voters can decide on election day which parties primary they wan't to vote in ( allowing registered democrats to vote in the republican primary. Also this allows independents to vote)( but they still can only vote in one parties primary) , while in closed primaries the voter has to be a registered member of that party to vote in that parties primary. All party primaries used to be decided on a winner take all basis, but now the democratic party has eliminated winner take all primaries and uses a proportional system. National party conventions rarely decide the nominee because the nominee is usually decided by the primary voters before the convention. Conventions now serve to formally announce the parties candidate, unite the party, generate good media coverage, and decide on the parties platform.

missed: the proportional system is where they give delegates based on the percent of the vote the candidate receives in each state. Primary voters then to be party activists ( who are more extreme in their ideologies than general election voters )who are older and more affluent than the general electorate. Front-loading is the pattern where states hold primaries early to maximize media attention and influence in the election.

Standing Committees and the Seniority system
Standing committees are permanent subject matter committees in both houses of congress. All introduced bills are refereed to standing committed where they are debated, can be amended ( Markup ) and voted on. Standing committees also hold hearings where experts testify about bills and answer questions from committee members , these hearings are open to the public. Each Standing committee has a chair ( or the head of the committee),  he or she has a lot of power ( the chair can assign bills to subcommittees, he or she can recommend members for conference committees etc.), and he or she is always a member of the Majority party in the chamber of the standing committee. Standing Committees form close relationships with interest groups ( who can have their members testify in hearings, and also lobby individual congresspeople) and bureaucratic departments, agencies and bureaus.  This relationship is called an iron triangle and each member part of it gives information and services to the other ones. Standing committees oversee bureaucratic agencies that deal with the subject the committee is on. Committees allow  members to develop expertise and allow them to use their service on their committee when running for re-election as an example of constituent service ( A Kansas senator on the senate agricultural committee can use his service to get farmers votes). Standing committees do most of the legislative work , and most bills die in committee. The committee system is more important in the house than the senate because in the house less work is done on the floor on bills (because of strict rules about time limit on debate and if amendments are allowed) than in the senate , so more work is done in committees in the house than in the senate. Standing committee chairs used to automatically be the most senior member ( the member who has served the longest on the committee) of the committee of the majority party. But committee chairs are now elected, but seniority still plays an important role when committee members vote. The House Ways and Means Committee is a Standing committee in the House where are revenue raising bills originate ( taxes and tariffs etc.).
missed:All bills are referred too standing committees where they can be amended passed,or killed ( by burying them or pigeonholing them). Standing committees are divided into subcommittees where the details of legislation are refined... longest continuous service on the committee... The House Rules committee plays a pivotal role by placing a bill on the calendar determining what type if any amendments are allowed and SETTING THE TIME LIMIT FOR DEBATE.

The Federalist Papers
The Federalist papers are a set of essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay that are written to support the constitution and to help it get ratified. Federalist No.10 written by James Madison argues that factions are undesirable, but inevitable. But a large Republic with a written constitution that outlines the system of government to be federalism ( where power is divided and shared between a central government and regional ones) would help diminish the bad effects of factions. Federalist No. 10 also dispelled the myth that a republic would only work for a small country and not a large one.
Missed:85 essays written...
The Fourteenth Amendment and Selective Incorporation
The 14th amendment was made to stop people from discriminating against recently freed slaves ( it overturned Dred Scott v. Sanford). Originally the bill of rights ( the first 10 amendments of the constitution ) was not applicable to the states, but the 14th Amendments due process clause ( no state shall deprive any person of their life liberty and property without the due process of the law)and equal protection clause ( nor shall any state deprive any person the equal protection of the law ) have been used ( by the SCOTUS ) to apply the bill of rights to the states on a case by case basis, this is the process of selective incorporation. The first SCOTUS case to Incorporated a civil liberty in the bill of rights was Gitlow v. New York which incorporated the freedom of speech and the press. Now most of the bill of rights is also applicable to the states.
Political Socialization
Political socialization is the procces by which political values are formed and passed from one generation to antoher. The Family is the most important factor of political socialization ( if a childs parents both identify strongly with the same political party then the child will most likely also identify with that same political party), but there are other factors and agents of political socialization including: Religion ( church, mousqe etc ), education, and social groups ( sports teams, book clubs etc ).
Critical Election
A Critical election is when the majority party in government is replaced by the minority party, hence the minority party becomes the majority party and the majority party becomes the minority party. Critical elections usher in a new party era, and usually happen because of party realignment ( where critical groups of voters switch party affiliation. One example of a critical election was FDR v. Alf Landon, where FDR and the democratic new deal coalition replaced the republican party as the majority party ( in this election urban voters and African Americans switched party affiliation).
Missed:Critical election definition is definition of party realignment and party realignment definition is definition of critical election ( or maybe not ). FDR v. Alf Landon was in 1932. Critical election triggers party realignment.

The Selection of Supreme court Cases
The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction ( hear the case first ) in these cases: State v. State, U.S. v State, cases involving foreign people or diplomats, cases involving treaties. Most of the Cases the SCOTUS hears come from the courts appellate jurisdiction ( they have authority to hear a case from a lower court), a Writ of Certiorari is an order from the SCOTUS that orders a lower court to send up the records on a case, the Certiorari process enables the SCOTUS to control its own caseload. SCOTUS clerks scan many petitions to the SCOTUS , and prepare the important ones for the court to look over on weekly meeting. In the Meetings the Justices discuss the case and then vote on if they should hear it. Only if 4 or more Justices agree to hear the case will the court issue a writ of certiorari, this is called the rule of 4. Most of the cases appealed to the SCOTUS are not heard by it, they usually have to do with a constitutional question and or a federal law/treaty.
missed:nearly all appellate cases now reach the SCOTUS by a writ of certiorari.
The Articles of Confederation 
The Articles of Confederation was the first document that established a government of the U.S., but it had many weaknesses ( including that the federal government was to weak to keep the US prosperous , here are and the states united) some of them: The Federal Government did not have the power to tax , it had to ask for money from the states, it could not regulate interstate trade, there was no established national currency, there was no executive authority, there was no judicial system and to amend the articles more than a simple majority of the states had to agree. The government under the Articles did establish the northwest ordinance ( which established a way that new states become part of the union) and negotiated the treaty that ended the revolutionary war ( favorably for the U.S. ). Shays rebellion happened in Massachusetts with angry farmers angry about the bad economy and the framers and many other people got scared from this and had a constitutional convention to ( originally ) amend the articles.
Missed:the articles of confederation established a decentralized system of government with a weak central government that had limited power over the states. The Articles established a unicameral congress that lacked the power to ... the articles were replaced with the U.S. constitution.
The Mass Media
The Mass Media is a lot of media that can reach widely dispersed audiences, it has TV, the Internet, Radio, Newspapers etc. It is a linkage institution ( by conducting interviews with citizens and government officials and reporting polls and reporting on government programs ) and it plays an important role in setting the public policy agenda ( the political issues that the public perceives as important ), by deciding which issues to cover more and which to cover less and which to cover not at all. The President has better access to the Mass Media because he is one person and represents the whole country , unlike congress which has multiple people and each person in congress represents only part of the country ( state or district).
missed:Horse Race Journalism refers to the media's tendency to focus on polls , personalities and sound bites rather than on in depth analysis of key issues.  
The Role of State Legislatures
Originally U.S. Senators were chosen by the State Legislatures , but with the passage of the 17th amendment they are now chosen directly by the people. Every ten years a Census is taken to determine the population and the movement of it so that the reallocation of House seats could happen. To reallocate House seats redistricting must be done, and the state legislatures role is to redraw congressional districts. State legislatures will gerrymander or redraw congressional districts to ensure the maximum number of seats for the majority party's(in the state legislature ) party in the House of Representatives and strengthen to benefit the majority party in the state legislature. State Legislatures can gerrymander by packing or cracking, packing is when they pack most of the opposing parties supporters in one district ensuring all the other ones for their party, and cracking is when they disperse the opposing parties supporters through out all the districts ensuring that they don't have that majority in any of them.  The SCOTUS has set limits on redistricting. Here are some of them: the districts must be equal in population, they must be compact and continuous, and strictly racial gerrymandering ( redrawing congressional districts based solely on race )  is unconstitutional.
missed:State Legislatures can ratify constitutional amendments by a vote of 3/4 of the states.

Executive Privilege and Executive Orders
Executive privilege is the right of the president to not disclose highly important information , usually for military and/or national security purposes. Executive privilege is not part of the constitution, and in U.S. v. Nixon the SCOTUS ruled that there is no constitutional guarantee of unqualified executive privilege and ordered Nixon to release tapes that had to do with the Watergate scandal. An executive order is an order ,regulation or rule issued by the president usually to some part of the federal executive bureaucracy, and they are also usually in accordance with or based on the constitution and/or a Statutory law. Executive orders have the force of law and are not part of the constitution.
missed:Congress is supposed to agree with executive orders... executive orders are used to circumvent or skip the long legislative process when something needs to be done quickly for the common good of the nation.

Pluralist theory & Hyperpluralist theory
The pluralist theory is a theory that believes that many different interest groups compete for power and not any one gets to much because there are many of them and the checks and balances and the federal structure of the U.S. government. They believe that public policy is formed through comprise and there are many points of access for interest groups. The Hyperpluraist Theory s a theory that believes there are too many interest groups and that when policymakers try to appease all of them they make confusing and contradictory policy decisions and avoid making large hard decisions that are needed for the good of the country.
Missed:compete for power in a large number of policy areas. Both of these theories try to explain who has power in the U.S. government.

Polling & the Bandwagon effect
There are multiple ways that organizations try to poll the public and gauge public opinion, some of them are random sample polls ( where every person has an equal chance of being polled, these are the most accurate) , straw polls ( these are very unreliable , the Literary Digest Fiasco of 1932 is example of how straw polling is unreliable ) and exit polls ( where people leaving the polling/voting place get randomly polled ). Polls can try to measure many things, like distribution ( what percentage of voters support a candidate ), salience ( how important/relevant is the issue to voter?), Intensity (How strongly are the feelings of voters about this issue? ), and Latency ( what are the underlying views and attitudes about the candidate/issue(s)). The Media engages in horse race journalism when they mostly cover where candidates stand in the polls than what their in depth stances on issues are. The bandwagon effect occurs when voters support and vote for candidates that seem to be popular ( and are winning in the polls ) and this is happening and has happened recently with the republican presidential primaries and Trump.
missed:Random sampling polls poll a representative cross section of the public...Gallup poll is the best known poll and most polls have an error between 3-6%
Policy Agenda & 527 groups
A Policy Agenda is a set of issues and problems that a policymaker considers important, and they will try to fix. A 527 groups is a tax-exempt organization ( that gets its name from the section of the tax code ) that funds political action without endorsing or coordinating with specific candidates. Because they don't endorse or coordinate with specific candidates they are not regulated by the federal election commission and can spend unlimited amounts of soft money.
missed:The Mass media plays an important role in influencing the public policy agenda....organization created to influence the political process...do advertisements promote stances on issues but not specific candidates.

Bicameral Congress & the differences between the House & Senate
The Framers established a bicameral ( two houses ) congress because of :

•  Historical experience: the British Government had a bicameral ( to houses) parliament ( and the Framers were very familiar with the British government ) and most of the colonial and state legislatures were bicameral  
• Fulfilling the Connecticut compromise: During the Constitutional convention the large states ( led by Virginia in the Virginia plan ) wanted a bicameral congress with representation based on population, while the small states ( led by New Jersey and the New Jersey Plan ) wanted a unicameral congress with equal representation for every state. This divisive issue threatened to end the convention, but a compromise was made called the Great or Connecticut compromise which called for a bicameral congress with one house ( the House of Representatives ) having representation based on population and another house  ( the Senate ) with equal representation for every state ( 2 senators ) 
• Implementing Federalism: Originally the two houses of congress represented different interests ( the house represented the interests of the people and the senate represented the interests of the states , because originally senators were chosen by the state legislatures), the bicameral congress slows the legislative process encouraging compromise and negotiation

Differences between the House and the Senate

           House Of Representatives                                        |                     Senate                                  

Size:      435 members                                                              |         100 members ( 2 for each state)        

Terms:   2 yr terms                                                                   |      6 yr terms

Qualifications:  7 years as U.S Citizen and resident of state serving|  9 years as U.S. Citizen and resident of state

Election:  Always elected directly by the people                         |originally elected by the state legislatures     

Special Powers:  All revenue bills Originate here. Sole power to | Confirms Presidential appointments &      

bring charges of impeachment. Chooses Pres. when EC deadlocked  | treaties & judges Impeachment cases     

Speed:   Faster, time limit on debate                                          | Slower, unlimited debate, filibuster         

Strictness of Rules:  Stricter rules debate time limit , limit on what|  Looser rules, unlimited debate time, all

types if any amendments are allowed, rules are set by the House| amendments allowed, filibuster is possible    

Rules committee and it also set bill on legislative calendar           |  where unlimited debate and long speeches                                                                                                   can delay or kill a bill. Cloture ( 60 Sen.s)

                                                                                                 needed to end filibuster. Protects minority 

                                                                                                 interest. Gives more power to individual                                                                                                       Senators , senators can asked to be                                                                                                              informed of a bill before it comes to floor .                                                                                                    This is known as a Hold and the bill does                                                                                                     not go to the floor until the hold is removed

missed:fragmented power encouraged deliberation. Senators have to be at least 30 yrs old and Representatives have to be at least 25 years old.

Some thoughts from Black Belt in Freedom

So I am taking the Black Belt in Freedom class by Dr. Oliver Demille. It has us read a bunch of classic books that have to do with freedom, so far I have read Turn the Page, We Hold These Truths to be Self Evident , The Declaration of Independence and am now reading The Law. Turn the Page explained how to read books like a leader, some of the things you need to do are: write in your books, have questions as you read , have a plan , think about the words and how they relate to you plan and problems, read the classics, write words you don't know in the front or back of the book, and write an outline of the book in the front or back of the book. We Hold These Truths to be Self Evident explains that there are natural laws, that are higher than man-made law, 12 of them,those 12 are not being followed by Modern Governments ( including the U.S. ) , and the solution to the political issues and problems of today is to have Government follow natural Law and the people to follow it also, the 4 most important things you can do to help this ( in the U.S.) are: 1st spread the word ,2nd engage in your local government , 3rd vote for a natural law adhering representative and ask him or her to follow natural law when in office and ,4th vote for a president who goes against natural to the least degree, ( because all recent presidents have gone against natural law ). I have told my representative ( Seth Moulton ) to follow natural law and work to help the U.S. Government follow natural Law. I have also petitioned ( I can't vote yet ) for a presidential candidate who will go against natural law the least, I have gone to a Republican town committee meeting in my town , and am now spreading the word. I really hope you get this book ( you can get it here ) and read it, pleeeaassee! The Declaration of Independence is a legal document explaining to the world that , yes that are going against British ( man-made) law but they are staying in accordance with higher ( natural ) law and that the British government is going against natural law. Also the  Declaration  states the natural law that they are adhering to ( in the starting ) and a list of the things that the British government has done that goes against natural law. There are 3 ways to analyze the declaration: 1 Historically, 2 structurally/terminology, and to analyze the Principles and Truths that are eternal and that are found in it (The 3rd way is the most important). The Declaration is true and has eternal truths in it , just like the Scriptures, these things are not outdated , and if you go against the eternal truths found in The Declaration you will be going back to the time before The Declaration with a monarchy or something else tyrannical like it. Is you go against the scriptures you will be unhappy, and ( if you do not repent ) will go to spirit prison , and ( if you still don't repent ) then you will go NOT go to the celestial kingdom and you will NOT receive exaltation. The Law is written by a French political philosopher named Frederic Bastiat and it explains that government and law has strayed from what it is supposed to be ( "the organization of individual right and individual defense "( collective self defense) " if it were the obstacle... to all oppression, to all plunder"pg 10 ) and has become an instrument of legal plunder, through tariffs,progressive taxation, free public education, ect. ( combined it is called socialism ). In the law he also says Socialism professes that the law should not only to protect the unalienable rights of individuals but that it should " extend well-being,instruction, and morality, directly over the nation ", but as Bastiat points out this is not possible, either government ( force ) is organized justice ( keeping men free ) or it is organized human activity: labor, education, industry are some examples. You can't force people to do things outside of respecting and not infringing on other peoples inalienable rights ( and you can't use force outside of promoting national security) that does not protect their inalienable right to Liberty, and you can't take one group of peoples money ( that they rightfully earned ), and give it to another group , that did not earn or work for it without infringing on the inalienable right of property. So you can't have socialism without infringing on peoples inalienable God given rights ( socialism makes the people not free ) , which is against natural law and leads the nation to decline. So Obamacare, and progressive taxation infringe on peoples inalienable rights and lead the nation to decline.