Charlemagne

Charlemagne was a king of the franks. He was born on April 2 742.He died on January 28 814 at the age of 71. He Became king of the Franks in 771 . He wanted to turn his people to Christianity. He also wanted to make them more civilized and learned. Before the franks had settled down they were a barbarian tribe that attacked Rome. He was crowned roman emperor at 800 Christmas day. This seemed ironic because he was a frank. But he had build many buildings and made people go to church. The pope that crowned him was called Leo III.Charlemagne Fought many wars . Here are some of them

Lombards
The Lombards were people that had land in northern Italy and the alps . They wanted to take over the Papal states. Where the pope lived . The pope asked The Byzantines for help. But they did not have enough armies.So the pope asked Charlemagne for help . Charlemagne brought his army down and took over the Lombards .

Saxons
Charlemagne  fought the Saxons.
A tribe north of him and took them over.

Moors
Charlemagne's armies  fought the Moors to.
The Moors were a Muslim people that lived in Spain .
Charlemagne's armies took over a resolvable amount of cities and expanded his land .

Charlemagne used a lot of Calvary and foot soldiers in his battles. Leo III and Charlemagne were friends Because Leo III crowned Charlemagne and Charlemagne defended Leo III. He had a sword called Joyeuse. He fought with it a lot . But he also helped his people become Christian and hired people to teach them to read and write .He Also turned his People the barbaric franks into more civilized people. He forced his Conquered people to become Christian . Towards the end of his rein his country was attacked by danish vikings

Sources : Khan Academy, Wiki and the story of the world volume 2 medieval ages  .

Classification and fish

Classification
Classification is a way of grouping living things. Today their are 8 main levels called taxa they are
                                                     Least specific
                                                        Domain
                                                        Kingdom
                                                        Phylum
                                                        Class
                                                        Order
                                                        Family
                                                        Genus
                                                        Species
                                                     Most specific
 The Domain is three groups called Eukarya . Bacteria and Archaea .
 The Kingdom has 6 groups which are Animals, plants, fungi, protists, eubacteria and archaebacteria.
  The other groups have a lot of groups in them. Lets take the Gold eagle for example.

                                                        Domain: Eukarya All life forms that are not Bacteria or Archaea
                                                        Kingdom: Animilia All animals 
                                                        Phylum: Chordata Backbone animals
                                                        Class: Aves Birds
                                                        Order:Accipitriformes Most birds of prey ( see Raptors)
                                                        Family:Accipitridae hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old vultures
                                                        Genus:Aquila Eagles
                                                        Species: Chryaetos Gold eagle

                                                        Name: Aquila Chryaetos Gold eagle

Fish
Are the largest group of vertebrates. Most are Cold Blooded. All have gills. Most have scaly body and fins. They use their fins and their streamline body to cut through the water.  There are three main fish groups

Bony fish
Are the biggest group of fish.
Bony fish have skelotons m-
ade of bone. Most have a
swim bladder a sack in th-
eir body that controls their
depth and height in the water


Cartilaginous fish
 are fish like sharks and rays.
Their skeleton is made of cartilage.
Cartilaginous fish have the biggest
brains of any other fish. They also
have tiny teeth on their skin

Jaw-less fish
These fish have no jaws they eat by sucking . They are Ancient fish


Source brainpop 
 

Coral and Bacteria

Coral
Coral are round , hollow animals with one opening.
they live are around the oceans. They eat many things from plankton to fish. They are sessile meaning they cant move. they are called polyps. The are in the phylum cnidarian.The same group jellyfish are in. They both have radial symmetry which mean any two half's will be the same if you cut it in half any way. They also both have no head .Both also have tentacles around the mouth and small stinging cells named nematocysts. their tentacles help them to get food close to its mouth. Large polyps live alone while small polyps usually iare colonial which means they live in groups. Most colonial corals live in coral reefs. Coral reefs give food and shelter to tons of marine life. The corals in reefs have a special kind of algae in them.The algae Photosynthesis the sun and give energy to the coral. they also give Oxygen and carbohydrates to the coral.The coral gives carbon dioxide to the algae.Hard coral uses the calcium in ocean water to build a strong outer skeleton. Soft corals build internal fleshy skeletons.       

Bacteria
 Bacteria live everywhere !  They are single celled organisms that make up one of the six kingdoms . They are one of the most plentiful life forms on earth. There are around 5 nonillon 5000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 out there right now. Bacteria can be helpful and harmful . Bacteria are Prokaryotic which means their nuclear material is not surrounded by a membrane. Plants use bacteria to break down nitrogen . Some bacteria can move around with flagella and cilia . Bacteria are ancient .




Source brainpop 

soccer game

We went to a soccer game recently for our grandpa's birthday. It was between brazil and Portugal! It took a long long time to finally get there. We went through security at the stadium and then went to sit. The stadium was giant ! there were so many people! Pele was there ! I took a picture of him. The game started off with Portugal Scoring! 1- 0! I expected Brazil to score first . After that waves rippled through the crowd it was awesome! Most of the people were voting for brazil. Portugal followed the goal with to more close shots. It looked like they were going to win . At half time the score was 1-1.In the second half Brazil scored two goals and portugal was losing. Neymar got a yellow card. Many people left before the game was over to get out of traffic. We stayed till the game was over. First we went through all the people to get to the parking lot. Then we stayed in the parking lot like an hour it was so slow moving in traffic. When at last we got out it was like! 12:00 . The freeway was almost deserted except for a few late night trucks. When we at last got home it was 2 something. We immediately fell asleep!  

Andorra the tiny country

it is the sixth smallest country in Europe. it lies between france and spain .

The official language is Catalan . They are not a member of the European union but use the Euro. Andorra declared war on germany in WWI but did not fight. They were not in the Treaty of Versailles. Many people in Andorra like hockey. Most people in Andorra are roman catholic with some jews and hindus. The altitude of Andorra is very high their capital is the highest capital in Europe. The Andorran army was and still is little just like the countrys size. They are 7 highest HLE or Human life expectancy in the world ! with the average age being 82 . Andorra is ruled by two co-princes. Joan Enric Vives i Sicília and François Hollande.

THe Andorran flag is Blue yellow and red.

Giant squid

Giant Squid are the second largest mollusks . Colossal squids are bigger. Giant squids can get up to 43 feet ! They have giant eyes as big as a football . They live deep down in the ocean. They eat deep sea fish . The first picture of a giant squid was in 2004! to catch their prey they use their long tentacles that have suction cups on them. They pull it to their beak-like mouth . They can change the color of their skin to hide from predators. Their only predators we know about are sperm whales . Before 2004 the only evidence we had was parts of Giant squid in whales and on the shore. Giant squids are still mysterious .They move with a tube the blow air out of called the siphon. Some people believe that the legend of the Norwegian kraken was based on a giant squid .They don't look much like snails and clams but they are related . They both have the mollusks muscular foot : Clam muscular foot it uses to dig and move. : Snail muscular foot to slide along on. : Giant squid the Muscular foot is divided into eight arms and two tentacles. They both have a mantle . A layer of protective skin. Clam : its shell. Snail: its shell. Giant squid Hard skin but no shell. The Giant squid has a inner Gladius that supports it. They all are Invertebrates. Giant squid are awesome!    




Sources brainpop and wiki 

Raptors

R a p t o r s !

Lately I've been learning a lot about raptors.

Raptors are birds that eat meat. All raptors have Talons , Curved beak and incredible eyesight . The word Raptor comes from the Latin word Rapere Meaning to take by force. Raptor sure do take by force. They are Carnivores and eat Small mammals and reptiles . Sea and water Raptors eat fish . The Largest Raptor is the Andean condor with wingspans of up to 10 feet!  there are 5  types of Raptors . They are

Accipitridae

 Hawks, Eagles, Buzzards, Harriers, Kites and vultures

Hawks

Are small raptors that have excellent eyesight.
They hunt small animals like frogs, lizards,fish and mice.
they have long tails and short curved beaks.

Sharp-Shinned Hawk

The Sharp-Shinned Hawk is the smallest Hawk in North america. 
They live in the Americas . They mainly live in forests. They eat mammals and birds like Sparrows .
They are named for a thin ridge on their legs.

Eagles

Are one one of the largest raptors. Everyone thinks different things about who is the Largest eagle. The three Most likely are the Harpy Eagle , the Stellers sea eagle and the Philippines eagle. Eagles have Broad large wings and great Eyesight. After Eagles have made their nest they return to it every year and add to it. Some nest are 6 ft across and 10 ft deep ! Eagles are important figures in native religion and national icons. The bald eagle is america's national bird and the gold eagle is Mexicos national bird . Some native american tribes used to Worship the eagle. Harpy eagles can kill a human ! There are  4 different types of eagles 1 Booted eagles (example Gold eagle) 2 Snake eagles ( example Crested Serpent Eagle ) 3 Giant Rainforest eagles ( example Harpy eagle) and 4 sea Eagles (example Bald eagle 


Gold Eagle

The Gold Eagles are my Favorite birds. They are Booted eagles.With a wingspan of 6-7 feet Gold eagles are big. Their scientific name is Aquila Chrysaetos. their average lifespan is 30 years . Gold eagles live in Eurasia north america and africa .They return to their nest every year and make it giant. Gold eagles can dive 150 miles per hour ! They eat small mammals and turtles .Gold eagles are used in falconry to catch wolves and foxes in Mongolia and Kazakhstan. Gold eagles are the National bird of Mexico. Gold eagles are large powerful birds and are efficient hunters with the help of Talons, Curved beak and Sharp eyesight. Gold eagles are LC least concerned on the conservation status . Gold eagles are also silent birds  

Buzzards

Have  broad wings and are robust . They hunt any small animal close by mostly rodents though.Some may eat dead animals , but most like fresh meat better.

Long-legged Buzzard
The long legged buzzard is a robust buzzard. They can reach Wingspans up to 5 feet. Long-legged buzzards come in many colors but usually they are light brown. Long-legged Buzzards live in dry open plains of africa and asia.They eat small animals

Harriers

Are medium sized birds. They fly low to the ground and eat small animals.
when courting they fly in circles.

Eastern Marsh Harrier
Eastern Marsh Harriers live in Asia . They Are different colors but mainly brown. The female is larger than the male. They meow. They fly low to the ground and hold their wing in a v-shape. They eat small animals . 

Kites

Usually  a kite is light, with a little head ,short beak, and long wings and tail. Kites live in warm places. kites eat small animals .These small raptors get their name from their ability to use the wind to help them.

White-tailed Kite

White tailed kites live in the Americas. They mainly eat rodents. They were endangered in the 1930s and 1940s but have made a comeback. They are colored  white and gray.  THey fly like falcons. Their wingspan is around 3 feet. Their scientific name is Elanus Leucurus. 

Vultures

There are two kinds of Vultures, Old world vultures( example Griffon Vulture ) and new world vultures ( example Andean condor). New world vultures smell the carrion and eat it . Vultures have weak talons and beaks. But have an excellent sense of smell. Vultures live for a long time up to 40 years!  Vultures live all over the world .  Vultures are often depicted as evil ,Ugly or scary creatures. But the truth is Vultures aren't evil . They are often considered so because of their bald heads. But Vultures are scavengers so they eat rotting meat . No other bird could eat that . they would die. Vultures clean up the land. But to do so they need a bald head. If it was covered with feathers . It would get messy when they poked their heads in the carrion. They could not take of the meat and blood. So it would get infected and the vulture would die .

Griffon Vulture
The Griffon Vulture is a big Old world vulture. They can get a wingspan up to 9 feet. Its head is white and has barley any feathers. Its body is brown. They live in eurasia. They are scavengers . It grunts and hisses .

Pandionidae Osprey

The Osprey is a Sea Raptor that mainly eats fish. Ospreys skim the water and with their talons grab fish. There Wingspan is around 5.9 feet. Ospreys are on every continent except Antarctica. They live near bodies of water where fish are to be found. They are blackish-brown in the wings and on a streak through the head. while the rest is white. Their eyes are yellow. Ospreys played significant roles in culture in the past

Sagittariidae
Secretary bird

Secretary Birds are large mainly flightless birds that live in africa. They eat snakes, Rodents and reptiles on the ground. They use their long strong legs covered in scales that end in Talons to stomp snakes, rodents and reptiles. Their wingspan can be up to 7 feet ! their body length can be 5 feet ! They look more like cranes from far away . But their talons and curved beak make it a Raptor. Its mostly gray with black . They have orange or red around their eyes though. it is on the coats of arms of Sudan and South Africa.

Falconidae

Falcons and Caracaras

Falcons
Falcons are also called Kestrels . They are medium sized birds. That prey on small animals including Rodents, Rabbits ,Reptiles ,Fish, Frogs and small birds. They live all over the world. The most famous, widespread and fastest  Falcon is the Peregrine Falcon. It is also the fastest animal in the world reaching speed of up to 200 miles per hour !

Brown Falcon
the Brown falcon lives in Australia . They are slower than other Falcons and perch on tree tops to hunt. They wait for prey and when it comes they snatch it with their talons. They are usually light brown and have black and white in them .They eat small mammals, Reptiles and insects.

Caracaras
Live in the Americas . They are slow and most are scavengers.

Mountain Caracara

The Mountain Caracara lives in South america. They are white and black with a red beak. Kids are brown. They mainly hunt on the ground. They are Mostly scavengers but will eat any small mammal.

Strigiformes

Owls

Owls live on every continent except Antarctica . Owls are mostly nocturnal . They usually have circle like heads and large eyes. They need large eyes to let in as much light as possible. Owls eat any small animal. They use surprise , their curved beak and talons to get their prey. Most people thought owls were bad luck back in the past.

Spotted Eagle-Owl

The Spotted Eagle-Owl is a small eagle owl. It has tufts of feathers on the sides of its head . Making it look like it has they are ears. But they are not . They have a wingspan of about 4 feet. They are spotted like the name said with black, white and gray spots. They have large yellow eyes. they live in Africa and asia. they eat small animals.

That's what I have learned about the most awesome birds, R a p t o r s !



Source wiki