We went to the MFA

We went to the MFA again, But this time with the whole family. We had a fun time.

Art of Europe
Here we saw Renaissance sculptures and paintings,
 Silver-Bronze-gold-porcelain plates pitchers and more.
 Along with a lot of Dutch art. I saw a sculpture of Peter the Great's head.

Art of the Americas
Here we saw some amazing American art. They had some awesome old instruments that I liked. They also had some old rooms from an old house.


Art of Asia
Here we saw some sculptures and weapons. I liked a tool that the Indians used  to ride on elephants. There was also some amazing old Islamic hand written books.

Ancient art
Here we saw  hieroglyphics and other Egyptian stuff

Contemporary art  
Here we saw some interesting things that I think should not be considered art.

Africa and Oceania
We did not see very much here at all

My favorites  
sculpture of Peter the Great's head and a bust of Aristotle.

Oh and by the way Brazil barley beat Chile in Penalty shootouts.and now I think Germany Netherlands is final.

World cup as of today

The world cup
The knockout stage is ready. With U.S.A making it!!! They made it out with this scenario: Ghana as I wrongly perceived did not lose all their games they tied 1 vs Germany. Which also shows that I was wrong about Germany winning every game. So it came out like this.

Team      Pts  GD
Germany 7      5
USA       4      0
Portugal  4     -3
Ghana     1     -2

Games
Germany vs Portugal Results: 4-0
Untied States of America vs Ghana Results: 2-1
Germany vs Ghana Results: 2-2
Untied States of America vs Portugal Results: 2-2
Untied States of America vs Germany Results: 0-1
Portugal vs Ghana Results: 2-1

USA ties Portugal losses Germany. Germany ties Ghana. Portugal beats Ghana
Here USA would be tied with Portugal in points because both beat Ghana , both lost to Germany and they tied each other. But Since Portugal has -3 goal difference right now the tie is be broken with USA advancing. If Ghana had won by 3 or so goals and the US had lost then they would go home.

Team      Pts  GD
Germany 7      5
Ghana     4      1
USA       4      0
Portugal  1     -3

The US would also go home if Portugal had won by like 5 goals and the US had lost. So it depends how many goals their were in the games. But luckily it did not happen like this and US is now advancing!!


Here is the round of 16:

Brazil
Chile  
         
Colombia
Uruguay

France
Nigeria

Germany
Algeria
       
Netherlands
Mexico

Greece            
Costa Rica

Argentina
Switzerland
                     
Belgium
USA

FIFA as of June 5 2014 and Ian rankings as of today
 


Spain 1
Germany 2
Brazil 3
Portugal 4
Argentina 5
Switzerland 6
Uruguay 7
Columbia 8
Italy 9
England 10
Belgium 11
Greece 12
United states of America 13
Chile 14
Netherlands 15
Ukraine 16
France  17
Croatia 18
Russia 19
Mexico 20
Bosnia & Herzegovina  21
Algeria 22

I don't really believe in these rankings and I think they are wrong. So here is my Ian rankings.

1 Brazil
2 Germany
3 Netherlands
4 Italy
5 France
6 Mexico
7 England
8 Costa Rica
9 USA
10 Colombia
11 England
12 Portugal
13 Belgium
14 Ghana
15 Chile
16 Spain
17 Uruguay
18 Bosnia & Herzegovina
19 Ivory coast
20 Argentina
21 South Korea
22  Croatia

 

Predictions

Round of 16 |     Quarter-finals      |      Semi-Finals       |       FINAL

Brazil_______
Chile               |Brazil   _________ 
                       |Colombia                |

Colombia____|                              | 
Uruguay                                          |Brazil___________
                                                       |Germany                  |
France                                            |                                |
Nigeria_____                                  |                                 |
                     | France __________ |                                 |
                     |Germany                                                    |Brazil
Germany___|                                                                   |Netherlands      
Algeria                                                                               |
Netherlands                                                                      |
Mexico_____                                                                     |
                       |Netherlands  ____                                     |
Greece            |Costa Rica              |                                    |
Costa Rica __|                               | Netherlands ______|
                                                       | USA
Argentina ___                                |
Switzerland    | Argentina  _______ |
                      |USA  
Belgium_____|
USA

1 Brazil

2 Netherlands

3 Germany

This is my predictions for the knockout stage. They looked way different some months ago. They had Spain , Italy and England and they did not have Uruguay,Chile or Costa Rica in them. The final was Spain Brazil : )

 

Today is a Rest day in the World cup.

sources: Wikipedia

More on the world cup and some soccer math

World cup Predictions 
 I wanted Spain to win it again but now they are out*. I want Germany, Belgium or the United States to win.I Most of all I want United states to win. I don't exactly know who would win and all that. But it will be pretty close . My Predictions will based on FIFA ranking, Math, How the teams have played so far and a little tiny bit on who I want to win :)

I will the predictions in my next world cup blog. But Brazil Netherlands France Germany and Colombia all have a shot at it.

* Spain lost 5-1 when they played The Netherlands. Chile vs Spain ended 2-0 for Chile. Spain is out. Their last game will be vs Australia. Even if they had beat Chile and beat Australia Making the knockout stage, they will still probably play Brazil in their first game of the knockout stage.

World cup update
In these groups a win counts as 3 Pts a loss counts as 0 Pts and a tie counts as 1 Pts
Groups
Group A
Teams
Brazil Pts: 4
Mexico Pts: 4
Croatia Pts: 3
Cameroon Pts: 0
Games
Brazil vs Croatia Results: 3-1
Mexico vs Cameroon Results: 1-0
Brazil vs Mexico Results: 0-0
Cameroon vs Croatia Results: 0-4
Cameroon vs Brazil: Unknown
Mexico vs Croatia Results: Unknown


Group B
Teams
Netherlands Pts: 6
Chile Pts: 6
Spain Pts: 0
Australia  Pts: 0
Games
Spain vs Netherlands Results: 1-5
Australia vs Chile Results: 1-3
Australia vs Netherlands: 2-3
Spain vs Chile Results: 0-2
Australia vs Spain: Unknown
Chile vs Netherlands: Unknown

Group C
Teams
Colombia Pts: 6
Ivory coast Pts: 3
Greece Pts: 1
Japan Pts: 1
Games
Colombia vs Greece Results: 3-0
Ivory coast vs Japan Results: 2-1
Colombia vs Ivory coast Results: 2-1
Greece vs Japan Results: 0-0
Colombia vs Japan: Unknown
Ivory coast vs Greece Results: Unknown

Group D
Teams
Costa Rica Pts: 6
Uruguay Pts: 3
Italy Pts: 3
England Pts: 0
Games
Uruguay vs Costa Rica Results: 1-3
England vs Italy: 1-2
Uruguay vs England Results: 2-1
Italy vs Costa Rica Results: 0-1
Uruguay vs Italy: Unknown
Costa Rica vs England Results: Unknown

Group E
Teams
France Pts: 6
Ecuador Pts: 3
Switzerland Pts: 3
Honduras Pts: 0
Games
Switzerland vs Ecuador Results: 2-1
France vs Honduras Results: 3-0
Switzerland vs France Results: 2-5
Honduras vs Ecuador Results: 1-2
Honduras vs Switzerland Results: Unknown
Ecuador vs France Results: Unknown

Group F
Teams
Argentina Pts: 6
Nigeria Pts: 4
Iran Pts: 1
Bosnia and Herzegovina Pts: 0
Games
Argentina vs Bosnia and Herzegovina Results: 2-1
Iran vs Nigeria Results: 0-0
Iran vs Argentina Results: 0-1
Nigeria vs Bosnia and Herzegovina Results: 1-0
Argentina vs Nigeria Results: Unknown
Iran vs Bosnia and Herzegovina Results: Unknown

Group G
Teams
Germany Pts: 4
Untied States of America Pts: 3
Ghana Pts: 1
Portugal Pts: 0
Games
Germany vs Portugal Results: 4-0
Untied States of America vs Ghana Results: 2-1
Germany vs Ghana Results: 2-2
Untied States of America vs Portugal Results: Unknown
Untied States of America vs Germany Results: Unknown
Portugal vs Ghana Results: Unknown

Group H
Teams
Belgium Pts: 6
Algeria Pts: 3
South Korea 1
Russia Pts: 1
Games
Belgium vs Algeria Results: 2-1
South Korea vs Russia Results: 1-1
Russia vs Belgium Results: 0-1
Algeria vs South Korea Results: 4-2
South Korea vs Belgium: Unknown
Algeria vs Russia Results: Unknown

Recent  awesome and surprising  games 
Netherlands vs Australia.
One of the best teams vs One of the very worse teams.
This at first glance is an obvious win for Netherlands. But as the game unfolded it turned out different like other games of this interesting World cup. Netherlands with  Robben scored fist at the 20' but then 70 seconds later Tim Cahill scored a crossbar volley. This was Amazing. Did you hear who scored on Netherlands ? Australia!!! 30 or so minutes later an Australian hit the ball at a Netherlands Defender in the box and it was a Penalty ! At the 54' Australia scored ! They were winning. At the 58' and the 68' Van persie scored 2 more goals and The Flying Dutchmen were on top Again. The Game ended 3-2 With Netherlands barley escaping with victory. Australia played wonderful at this game.

Italy vs England
This was a good and close match. With 2 pretty good teams it usually is a close match. Italy scored first with Marchisio at the 35'. But England came back at the 37' with Sturridge. Right after halftime Italy scored with Balotelli. After this England could not score again. They lost 2-1.

United States vs Ghana
This was a rematch of the 2010  Round of 16. But it turned out better for our national team! At around 30 second into the game Clint Dempsey Scored for America! This was and still is the 6th or 5th fastest goal in world cup history and fastest goal in American history. The United states kept the lead for a long time. But they kept it around in their half and did not really try to score. They were not the best a passing either. So at the 82' Ghana scored with Ayew. But the United states natinaol team did not give up. They scored a goal at the 86' with John brooks. This saved the Americans. It ended 2-1. If they had lost this game they would have extremely small chance of getting to the knockout stage. They would have to win their next 2 games.

Belgium vs Algeria
This game was a real comeback. Algeria scored with a penalty at the 25' .Algeria kept the lead until the
70' in the second half. With Fellaini scoring a header. After that on a counterattack Belgium scored an amazing goal with Mertens.

Brazil vs Mexico
This was a surprising match. With Brazil the home team and winner of the most world cups they practically failed vs Mexico. Brazil had many opportunities but the Mexican keeper Ochoa played amazing. The game ended 0-0. Mexico is now tied with Brazil in their group but if they lose vs Croatia that could turn things around.

Argentina vs Bosnia and Herzegovina
This is Bosnia's first qualification. You'd think Argentinian star Messi would score at least 2 goals. But he did not. He either played a bad game or Bosnia played an amazing game. I think it was partly both. Bosnia did an unintentional own goal at the 3'. Then Messi scored at the 65'. Bosnia came back with 1 goal at the  85'. It ended a tight squeeze for Argentina 2-1. If there had been no own goal it would have been 1-1.

Chile vs Spain
This was a sad and surprising match. It ended 2-0. Spain has lost their magic. 4 years ago they let 2 goals in the whole world cup, both in the group stage. In the Knockout stage Spain won every game 1-0. Now they let 7 goals in their first 2 games. Something happened too the old Spain something terrible. Now there is this Spain who lost 2 games in a row. They are now out of the Tournament. They will have 1 more game vs Australia. The Australians played better than them vs the dutch. The World champions are now out. I think it was crazy they did not put Xavi in and they did not put Villa in. Diego Costa according to me should not be playing for Spain. Casillas also did not play like he did in 2010.

Uruguay vs England
This game was a missed chance for England. It started of with a goal from Uruguay's Suarez at the 39'. England kept having chances but none of them went in like Rooney's header at the 31' . But at last at the 75' Rooney scored. After that though Suarez scored again at the 85' ten minutes later. This goal looked offsides but the ball came from an English player, Gerard. You see it was passed by an Uruguayan player ( the keeper ) and it came off Gerard to Suarez.  Now England is almost out of the World cup.

Italy vs Costa Rica
This was as I think more surprising than Argentina vs Bosnia & Herzegovina but here the " better " team lost. Here the team you would think better would be 4 world cup winners Italy. With Buffon, Pirlo, Balotelli, De Rossi and more. Well the Costa Ricans won yet another game after their 3-1 game vs Uruguay. These are amazingly good players. Costa Rica scored at the 44' with Brian Ruiz. Then they held the Italians back with their Offsides traps. Italy was Offsides 11 times ! The Costa Rican's outlasted the Italians with a final score of 1-0.

Soccer math
Here is some soccer math Will the United States of America make it to the Round of 16 ?
Well there are many scenarios which could happen. But the short answer is if Ghana loses vs Portugal and Germany and United states Beats Portugal they will go. But here are the scenarios. We are assuming Ghana loses all their games.




USA beats Portugal losses Germany
Here United States will most most likely go

Group G Pts
Germany 9
USA       6
Portugal  3
Ghana     0

USA ties Portugal losses Germany
Here USA would be tied with Portugal because both of them beat Ghana  both lost to Germany and they tied each other. But Since Portugal has -4 goal difference right now the tie would probably be broken with USA advancing

Group G Pts
Germany 9
USA       4
Portugal  4
Ghana     0

USA losses Portugal losses Germany
Here United states would not Advance.

Group G Pts
Germany 9
Portugal  6
USA       3
Ghana     0

USA beats Portugal ties Germany
Here USA would Advance

Group G Pts
Germany 7
USA       6
Portugal  3
Ghana     0

USA ties Portugal ties Germany
Here it is pretty close but United states would still probably advance.

Group G Pts
Germany 7
USA       5
Portugal  4
Ghana     0

USA losses Portugal ties Germany
Here it would not be good for USA

Group G Pts
Germany 7
Portugal  6
USA       4
Ghana     0

USA beats Portugal beats Germany

 then they go to
 the round of 16.
Obliviously if you win
all your games then yes you do go .

Group G Pts

USA       9

Germany 6
Portugal  3
Ghana     0

USA ties Portugal Beats Germany

Here the USA would advance

Group G Pts

USA       7

Germany 6
Portugal  4
Ghana     0

USA losses Portugal beats Germany
Here it would be a 3 way tie. And you never know who would advance. But Probably USA and Germany.

Group G Pts

Germany 6
USA       6
Portugal  6
Ghana     0


The most likely thing is Germany win all games. USA vs Portugal will be close but I want USA to win. But then again ya never know ;)


My opinion

So far who the best according to me
Well this World cup has been pretty new and surprising. It is on South American soil so European teams will not do their best. Well that can't exactly be proved but no European teams have won the world cup when it was on South American soil. 1930 host Uruguay winner Uruguay ,1950 host Brazil winner Uruguay ,1962 host Chile winner Brazil,1978 host Argentina winner Argentina. Anyway back to the point. I think Spain, Argentina, Italy and others are not playing like their reputation. I also think Bosnia an Herzegovina, Costa Rica, Australia and others are  playing better than their Reputation. In this 2014 FIFA World Cup I think the top 5 best teams are
                           Team         Nickname
                      #1 Germany    The Eagles
                      #2 Brazil       The green & yellow
                      #3 Netherlands  The Flying Dutchmen
                      #4 Costa Rica   The Costa Ricans ( not a very imaginative nickname )
                      #5 Australia      The Socceroos



Future World cups 2018, 2022, 2026

2018
This World Cup will take place in Russia.
 Many Countries opposed FIFA's decision to hold the World Cup in Russia.
Russia as host , already qualified. They might expand the teams to 40.

2022
This world cup will probably take place in Qatar an Island country off the Arabian Peninsula. But FIFA is not sure yet. FIFA is worried about Qatar's climate. Also the vote might have been bribed.

2026
They will probably change the way they choose the host in 2026. Not much is know about this cup.



sources: Wikipedia

The World Cup begins!

Yesterday the 2014 world cup started.The world cup is a worldwide mens soccer/football tournament. It is the biggest soccer tournament in the world.The world cup is being hosted in Brazil. Brazil's national football team is the best of all time with 5 world cups one. Yesterday on July 12 2014 The opening match was Brazil vs Croatia. This game was the first time goal line technology was used in the world cup. It was also the first time Croatia scored on a south American team and the first Brazilian own goal in world cup history ! I will blog more about the world cup throughout the summer.


The world cup
The FIFA world cup is (like I said above) a worldwide mens soccer/football tournament. The sport is usually only called soccer in the United states of America. It is a tournament between the best countries in the world. The winner gets the World Cup. It is mostly made out of gold. The world cup happens every four years. The winners right now are Spain. The final of the world cup is one of the most watched games in the world.

How it is organized
First you have to qualify for the world cup. In the qualification processes it goes from 200 and over to 32 countries. Qualifying Tournaments are held in FIFA continental zones. North America, South America, Asia, Oceania, Africa and Europe. These zones do not go exactly with the geographic continents. Like Kazakhstan is in Europe and Germany plays them! If you are hosting the Cup you automatically qualify. After the Qualification Tournaments then the world cup starts. It starts with the group stage. This is a part when 4 teams are put together in a group and they play each other. Only the top 2 teams of the group will go to the knockout stage. In this stage if you lose a game you lose the tournament until semi finals and finals. The first part of the knockout stage is the round of 16. In the round of 16 the reaming teams from the group stage will play each other. Then the winners of the round of 16 will play each other in the quarter finals. The 4 winners of the quarter finals will play each other in the semi-finals. the winners of the semi finals play each other in the Final! The losers of the semi finals will play each other for third place. The winner of the final wins and the loser is the runner up or second place.

The history of the world cup
The first world cup was held in 1930 in Uruguay. There has been 19 world cups so far and 2014 is the 20th. Only south American and European teams have won it.
1930
 1st Uruguay 2nd Argentina  3rd United States of America
host: Uruguay
1934
  1st Italy  2nd Czechoslovakia 3rd Germany
host:Italy
1938
 1st Italy 2nd Hungary 3rd Brazil
host: France
 
Canceled because of WWII
1950
 1st Uruguay 2nd Brazil 3rd Sweden
host: Brazil
1954
 1st Germany 2nd Hungary  3rd Austria
host: Switzerland
1958
 1st Brazil  2nd Sweden 3rd France
host: Sweden
1962
 1st Brazil  2nd Czechoslovakia 3rd Chile
host:Chile
1966
 1st England 2nd Germany  3rd Portugal
host: England
1970
 1st Brazil 2nd Italy 3rd Germany
host: Mexico
 1974
 1st Germany 2nd Netherlands  3rd Poland
host:Germany
1978
 1st Argentina 2nd Netherlands 3rd Brazil
host: Argentina 
1982
 1st Italy  2nd Germany 3rd Poland
host: Spain
1986
 1st Argentina 2nd Germany 3rd France
host:Mexico
1990
 1st Germany 2nd Argentina 3rd Italy
host: Italy
1994
 1st Brazil 2nd Italy 3rd Sweden
host:United states of America
1998
 1st France 2nd Brazil 3rd Croatia
host: France
2002
 1st Brazil 2nd Germany 3rd Turkey
host: Japan & Korea
2006
 1st Italy 2nd France 3rd Germany
host:Germany
2010
 1st Spain  2nd Netherlands 3rd Germany
host: South Africa
2014
1st Unknown 2nd Unknown 3rd Unknown
host: Brazil
 

All time winners
Brazil 5 ( 1958,1962,1970,1994,2002 )
Italy 4 ( 1934,1938,1982 , 2006 )
Germany ( 1954,1974, 1990 )
Argentina( 1978,1986)
Uruguay ( 1930,1950 )
France ( 1998)
England (1966)
Spain ( 2010 )

South America = 9
Europe =10

2014 world cup
 
The first game
Brazil vs Croatia was a Surprising match. It started off with an own goal at the 11'. Like I said above this game is the first time Croatia scored on a south American team and the first Brazilian own goal in world cup history ! Brazil came back with 2 goals from Neymar and one last minute goal by Oscar.

The Second game
Mexico vs Cameroon was a close-offside's game. With around 3 offside goals out of 8 offside's all together. Cameroon really played hard but could not score an allowed goal. The Mexicans had many goals but only 1 was considered legal. They faked a lot. I wanted Eto'o to score.

The Third game
Spain vs Netherlands. This was a terrible and amazing game. A crazy rematch of the 2010 final. It started off with a penalty scored by Spanish player Xabi Alanso. It barley passed the keeper. It was looking good for the Spaniards. But then Van Persie did an amazing diving header goal. For a Spanish fan it would also be terrible. After this Spain kind of slackened and Cassias did mistake after mistake ending in a crushing 5-1 defeat. This will probably lead to Spain playing Brazil in the round of sixteen or even worse, Not getting past the group stage!

The Fourth game
Australia vs Chile was cheap game. Chile faked and cheated a lot. Australia played very well but who can beat cheaters. The end score was 3-1. 

Groups 

Group A
Teams
Brazil Pts: 3
Croatia Pts: 0
Mexico Pts: 3
Cameroon Pts: 0
Games
Brazil vs Croatia Results: 3-1
Mexico vs Cameroon Results: 1-0
Brazil vs Mexico Results: Unknown
Cameroon vs Croatia Results: Unknown
Cameroon vs Brazil: Unknown
Mexico vs Croatia Results: Unknown


Group B
Teams
Spain Pts: 0
Netherlands Pts: 3
Australia  Pts: 0
Chile Pts: 3
Games
Spain vs Netherlands Results: 1-5
Australia vs Chile Results: 1-3
Australia vs Netherlands: Unknown
Spain vs Chile Results: Unknown
Australia vs Spain: Unknown
Chile vs Netherlands: Unknown

Group C
Teams
Colombia Pts: 0
Ivory coast Pts: 0
Greece Pts: 0
Japan Pts: 0
Games
Colombia vs Greece Results: Unknown
Ivory coast vs Japan Results: Unknown
Colombia vs Ivory coast Results: Unknown
Greece vs Japan Results: Unknown
Colombia vs Japan: Unknown
Ivory coast vs Greece Results: Unknown

Group D
Teams
Uruguay Pts: 0
Italy Pts: 0
Costa Rica Pts: 0
England Pts: 0
Games
Uruguay vs Costa Rica Results: Unknown
England vs Italy: Unknown
Uruguay vs England Results: Unknown
Italy vs Costa Rica Results: Unknown
Uruguay vs Italy: Unknown
Costa Rica vs England Results: Unknown

Group E
Teams
France Pts: 0
Ecuador Pts: 0
Honduras Pts: 0
Switzerland Pts: 0
Games
Switzerland vs Ecuador Results: Unknown
France vs Honduras Results: Unknown
Switzerland vs France Results: Unknown
Honduras vs Ecuador Results: Unknown
Honduras vs Switzerland Results: Unknown
Ecuador vs France Results: Unknown

Group F
Teams
Iran Pts: 0
Argentina Pts: 0
Bosnia and Herzegovina Pts: 0
Nigeria Pts: 0
Games
Argentina vs Bosnia and Herzegovina Results: Unknown
Iran vs Nigeria Results: Unknown
Iran vs Argentina Results: Unknown
Nigeria vs Bosnia and Herzegovina Results: Unknown
Argentina vs Nigeria Results: Unknown
Iran vs Bosnia and Herzegovina Results: Unknown

Group G
Teams
Untied States of America Pts: 0
Germany Pts: 0
Portugal Pts: 0
Ghana Pts: 0
Games
Germany vs Portugal Results: Unknown
Untied States of America vs Ghana Results: Unknown
Germany vs Ghana Results: Unknown
Untied States of America vs Portugal Results: Unknown
Untied States of America vs Germany Results: Unknown
Portugal vs Ghana Results: Unknown

Group H
Teams
Belgium Pts: 0
South Korea 0
Algeria Pts: 0
Russia Pts: 0
Games
Belgium vs Algeria Results: Unknown
South Korea vs Russia Results: Unknown
Russia vs Belgium Results: Unknown
Algeria vs South Korea Results: Unknown
South Korea vs Belgium: Unknown
Algeria vs Russia Results: Unknown

Top 10 games to watch

1. The world cup final
2. Italy vs England June 14 6:00 pm
3. The first Semi final
4. The Second Semi final
5. Spain vs Netherlands already happened
6. Germany vs Portugal June 16 12:00 pm
7. Untied States of America vs Ghana June 16 6:00 pm
8. Uruguay vs England June 19 3:00 pm
9. Italy vs Uruguay June 24 12:00 pm
10. France vs Ecuador June 25 4:00 pm  

Sources:Wikipedia and ESPN

Science fair and yeast ballons

Some days ago we went to a home-school science fair. My project was this

It was about Yeast and baking powder as carbon dioxide producers.
Purpose 

The purpose of this experiment is to find out which combination will make the balloon rise fastest 

Hypothesis 

The Hot water-Baking powder combination will be fastest

Materials

4 Identical bottles

4 Identical balloons

2 cups of hot water 

2 cups of cold water 

6 teaspoons of dry active yeast

4 tablespoons of sugar

2 tablespoons of baking powder

4 stopwatches 

notebook

pen

Procedure

1. Stretch the balloons
2. Put 3 Tsp of yeast and 2 Tbs of sugar in 1 cup of hot water
3. Pour Hot water Yeast mixture in a bottle
4. Stretch a balloon over the bottle and start a stopwatch
5. Put the stopwatch next to the bottle 
6. Put a Tbs of baking powder in 1 cup of hot water 
7. Pour the hot water baking powder mixture in a empty bottle
8. Repeat step 4
9. Repeat step 2 with 1 cup of cold water instead of hot water
10. Repeat step 3,2 and 5
11. Repeat step 6 with 1 cup of cold water instead of hot water
12. take notes
13. Stop Stopwatches when their balloons are upright

Results 

Hot Water=HW

Yeast = Y

Cold Water=CW

Baking powder= BP

HW-Y

Time: around 7:28 minutes

Notes: Overflowed bottle after balloon was gone

Color: Light brown

Hot water-Yeast and sugar mixture

HW-BP

time: around 5:12 minutes

Notes: started bubbling( Producing CO2 )immediately.

Color: Whitish clear

Hot water-Baking powder mixture

CW-Y

Time: Did not go up

Notes: did not really bubble

Color:Light brown

CW-BP

Time: Did not go up

Notes: did not really bubble

Color:Whitish clear

Conclusion

We learned that the Hot water-Baking powder was the fastest combination

Baking powder

Most baking powder is made out of Sodium bicarbonate ( Or baking soda ),a starch ( like cornstarch) and an acid. Baking powder is used as a chemical leavening agent. Baking powder produces carbon dioxide(CO2) and this makes breads rise. It does it faster than yeast though ( as a proved in my experiment). It makes carbon dioxide through an acid base reaction. This reaction is between the acids and bases in the Baking powder. Sodium bicarbonate is a base. The reaction happens when water comes. 

Acids ( sometimes sodium aluminum sulfate  ) + bases (Sodium bicarbonate) + Water ( Dihydrogen Oxide )= Carbon Dioxide.

Yeast and fermentation

Fermentation is a chemical reaction that changes sugar into other things like Acids,Gases or alcohol. In yeast fermentation yeast feeds off sugar and produces Carbon dioxide and alcohol. It has to become active to do this. It becomes active when hot water comes. When we make bread the yeast makes carbon dioxide When it eats the natural sugars in wheat and makes the dough expand. When the dough bakes alcohol is evaporated and the yeast dies.

Graphs

Here are some graphs:

Pie graphs

Bar graphs

Heat factor

Heat gets yeast active. If it is not active it will not eat sugar.

Yeast mixture making Carbon dioxide

sources: wikipedia

Medical Doctor and Chiropractor trip

Our grandfather had to go to the Medical doctor and the Chiropractor yesterday. We came with him and our mom.

Introduction

Our Grandfather had high high blood pressure a few days ago. He was dizzy and had cold sweat. This was almost a heart attack. Luckily he recovered from the extremely high blood pressure. A Chiropractor is a person who helps your back and other muscles. 

Medical Doctor trip

We went to the Anna Jacques hospital. We went to the second floor. There we waited in a waiting place. Until we went into a patient room. A nurse came in she asked if when he had it , what the symptoms were and other things. Then she took his blood pressure. After that a doctor came in and listened to his heart beat. Then they took his blood. They subscribed medicine for him. 

What is high blood pressure? 

When the heart relaxes and contracts it pumps blood through the arterys( these are blood vessels that carry the blood through the body ). Blood pressure is the force of the blood on the artery's walls. You can feel pressure waves at your wrist. You can also measure your blood pressure here and other places. Systolic blood pressure is the highest . It happens when the heart contracts to push the blood out. Diastolic is when blood pressure is lowest. It is when the heart fills with blood. Blood pressure is read with Systolic over diastolic. Like 130 Systolic normal 100-139.
                       85 Diastolic normal 80-89
High blood pressure is called Hypertension and it can cause strokes. Crazily low blood pressure is called hypotension. 

Chiropractor trip

Our Grandpas back was hurting him really bad. But this Chiropractor ( who is a member of our church the true church ) helped his back feel better. We saw him massage it , Stretch it and hit it with some sort of machine.  

Counclusion

After the Chiropractor trip our grandpa felt better. He got the medicine for his Hypertension today. 

sources: brainPOP.

Atoms and Chemistry part 1

What is an Atom?
An atom is the smallest particle of its Element that still has its elements properties. Like if you took apart a Atom of Iron then it would no be Iron it would be Protons,Neutrons and electrons. An Atom is made up of Protons,Neutrons and Electrons. These are subatomic-particles. The positively charged + Protons and the no charge neutrons make up the center of the Atom, the Nucleus. Particles called Gluons ( you can learn more about Gluons in the Quantum Physics part of the next part ) and the Strong force keeps the Nucleus together. The Negatively charged - Electrons whiz and whirl around the Nucleus in a cloud. They are at different shells. The rest of the Atom is Empty space. The Nucleus is Extremely dense. The Protons and Neutrons are made out of Quarks. An Atoms Properties are determined by the number of Protons,Neutrons and Electrons, like Silver has 47 protons ( and electrons if it is a neutral Atom) while Gold has 79 protons. Atoms are Incredibly small. A Human hair is one million carbon atoms wide.

I think It is crazy that everything is mostly made of .... nothing.

Isotopes and Ions
Isotopes are Atoms with different numbers of Neutrons. Take carbon, It has 6 protons no matter what but the number of neutrons can change. The most common isotope of carbon is C12 it had 6 protons and 6 neutrons but C14 is another isotope of Carbon. It has 6 protons but is has 8 neutrons. That is Isotopes. Ions are Atoms with charges. If a Atom lost or gained an Electron it would become an Ion. It would only lose or gain electrons that are on its outer shell/Valence shell. Losing an electron makes it have more protons than electrons. This gives it a Positive charge. It is a Cation. Atoms that have almost no Valence electrons ( Electrons on the outer shell) would more likely give it up to have a full Valence shell. Atoms want full Valence shells to be Stable. If it Gained an Electron the Atom would have a negative charge. It would be a Anion. Atoms that have almost full Valence shells would be more likely to gain and electron. Negatively charged and Positively charged Atom are attracted to each other. This is one way atoms bond, it is called the Ionic bond.They bond to form Molecules, groups of 2 or more Atoms. A example of an Ionic bond is Sodium chloride/NaCl or Salt. Sodium has only one Valence Electron. It dose not take much energy to take that electron. Chlorine almost has a full Valence shell. All it needs is one more Electron. So Chlorine takes the Electron and becomes an Anion and Sodium becomes a Cation. The Opposite charges attract each other like Magnets and they form salt. The Sodium side of the Molecule is slightly positive and the Chlorine side is slightly negative. This is a Polar Ionic bond. Polar molecules have poles. This is how the Molecules combine to make Large amounts of salt.



Chemical Bonds and Chemical equations 
Chemical Bonds hold atoms together to form Molecules. Another way Atoms bonds is called the covalent bond. Hydrogen is made with two Hydrogen atoms, they bond with a covalent bond. Both atoms only have one valence electron. But when they bond they share Valence electrons and each can "pretend" that they have a full valence shell. H2O Water is made with a polar covalent bond. Oxygen has 6 electrons in its outer shell. Hydrogen has 1. H wants 2 to fill its shell. All it needs is one more electron. Oxygen wants 8 electrons in it's outer shell. It needs 2 more. So 1 Oxygen atom and 2 Hydrogen atoms bond . Hydrogen and Oxygen share Electrons. But The Oxygen atom wants the Electrons more so they spend more time closer to Oxygen's valence shell.This is a polar covalent bond. It's molecules connect like Polar Ionic bonds do, Making a lot of water. Another way atoms bond is a Metallic bond. In this bond Multiple atoms rest in a sea of electrons.

I am grateful for Chemical bonds because without them there would just be a lot of atoms flying around.

The Periodic table and Matter
The Periodic Table list's all the Elements of the earth. It is categorized in many ways. You can read it from left to right by the Atomic number or number of Protons. On each element their is the Atomic number , Atomic mass( how much its mass is), Symbol ( like C for carbon) and Name. The parts across are called Periods, That is how the the table was named. Vertically they are called groups. They are also categorized in blocks. The blocks are the general shape of the electron cloud. The blocks are named with letters. They are s,d,p and f. Another way to categorize the Elements are by color. The different colors stand for Alkaline metals, Alkaline earth metals, Transition metals, Poor metals, Non-metals, halogens,Noble gases, Lanthanides and Actinides. Elements near the bottom are Radioactive and They have to be made in a lab. They symbols of some of the Atoms do not match up with their name. Like Au-gold,Ag-Silver,Fe-Iron, Na-Sodium, Pb-Lead and Cu-Copper . Here is why:

Gold,Silver,Copper,Iron,Sodium and lead got their Symbols from the Latin names for them.

Dmitri Mendeleev is usually associated with making the First Periodic table. But he did not make the first one Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier a Frenchman made it. But it was not that good and it had very few elements. Mendeleev predicted elements in his table and it is way better than Antoine's. you can learn more about him in the History of Chemistry and Atoms section

Matter is something that takes up space. All matter is made out of Atoms. Matter is like weight but it measures how much of something there is not how much it weighs. Matter stays the same on every planet, But Weight changes. There are 5 main states of matter: Solid, Liquid, Gas,Colloid and plasma. Solid's molecules vibrate but don't really move around. Liquid's molecules move around. Gas's molecules move around very fast. The hotter matter is the faster the molecules in it move. Colloids are like a mix of solids and liquids. Its molecules are moving around slowly. Plasma is a gas with an electrical charge. Its Molecules are moving around Extremely fast. Most elements can be solids liquids or gases. Oxygen at room tempature is a gas. Gold at room temparure is a solid. But both these elements can be a heated or frozen to change their state of matter. There is also stuff that is not matter, it is called Dark/Anti matter. Scientist don't really now what is.It could be the stuff that is in black holes.         

It is amazing to think about Dark matter. Scientist have many ideas for what it is made out of. Some think it is made out of something entirely new that is not matter or is made out of Atoms!
     
Fast fact!
Yesterday Scientists discovered how to change light into matter! In 1934 American/Russian Gregory Breit and American John Wheeler Proposed a way to change Light into matter. It is by Smashing-Shooting two Photons of light together. This would make an electron and a positron or anti-electron. A positron is a particle with the same mass as the electron but it has a positive charge. Positrons are not in Atoms. Some scientists think they are in Anti-Dark matter. Breit and Wheeler never thought it would be tried in a lab though. Some Scientists in the Imperial College London U.K. found out a way to do it. Here is the way: Scientists would speed up electrons close to the speed of light in a laser. Then they would shoot them at a gold piece to make extremely energy-full photons. After that the Scientist would use a tiny can made out of gold. They would shoot a high powered laser at the can making it release heat ,light and energy like a star. The scientists would shoot the energy-full photons at the can. The 2 photons from both places ( the can and the other photons ) collide and make electrons and protons.

Electronegativity and Moles
Electronegativity is how much force an atom has to attract an electron. Florine has the highest Electronegativity because it is so close to having a full valence shell and it dose not have that many electrons so the electrons are closer to the nucleus. The closer to the Nucleus electrons are the less they want to leave. Francium has the lowest Electronegativity because it has so many electrons and only on valence electron. O has a higher Electronegativity force than hydrogen that is why the electrons spend more time closer to Oxygen's valence shell.

Moles : the Mole is a number. Like a bakers dozen is 13 a mole is 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000. It is sure a big number. If you had a mole of basketballs you could make a planet the size of the earth. Chemists use Moles to measure Atoms. Take a element say Oxygen. Oxygen's atomic mass is around 16. Turn that into 16 grams of Oxygen and you get one mole of Oxygen. The mole is also called Avogadro's number after the man who discovered it. He was an Italian, you can learn more about him in the History of Chemistry and Atoms section.

Fast fact!
Astronauts use a machine that brakes water up into Hydrogen and Oxygen. This is how they breath in the International Space station.

The History of Chemistry, Molecules and Atoms
Atoms H
For a long time people have wondered if there was a limit to cutting a thing in half. Say if you took a loaf of bread and cut it in half. Then you take one of those half's cut it in half and so on. Was there a particle so tiny you could not cut it? Democritus a Greek Philosopher thought their was. He called it the Atom from the Greek word Atomos for Indivisible. He thought this Around 441 BC.
No one really thought about Atoms Until the 17th century. In England a Chemist named John Dalton proposed that Atoms are the Smallest thing that still has its element's properties. Like if you divided a Atom of Gold it would not be Gold. It would be Protons,Neutrons and Electrons that were Separated. J.J. Thompson ( a British chemist) discovered electrons in 1897 with his experiment on Cathode rays. He thought of the Plum Pudding model. He thought the Atom was full with Positively charged stuff with Electrons stuck through it. In 1909 Ernest did a Experiment and proved the Plum Pudding model was wrong. Niels Bhor was a Danish physicist. He thought the electrons orbited the nucleus like planets in their own "energy levels". He also thought they could make a " Quantum jump " to another energy level. He called it the Bohr model. He invented it in 1913. Bohr also helped invent Quantum physics and the Atom bomb. Francis William Aston and Frederick Soddy discovered Isotopes and worked on Radioactivity. Werner Karl Heisenberg was a German who helped develop the Quantum physical model of the Atom. The modern view of the Atom. He also helped invent Quantum Physics. The view of the Atom today is a dense nucleus with electrons zipping around in a cloud on different shells. The view of the Atom might change in the future.  So Democritus was wrong sort of. An Atom is the Smallest thing of an Element that still holds its elements Properties.  

Fast fact! 
Dalton also worked on color blindness and ( totally unrelated sorry :)the Sperm whale is loudest animal in the World.

Chemistry H
Aristotle another Greek Philosopher thought the world was made out of some sort of combination of these 4 elements Earth, Air, Fire and water. Everything that was not from the earth was made out of aether. People did not really work on it after that until the 15th century. During the time between Chemistry was called Alchemy. Alchemists were thought to have power in the Medieval ages. Alchemists main goals were to turn regular metals to gold and make the Potion of Eternal life. It had had some Properties of Chemistry but it had a lot of "magic" in it. Robert Boyle an Irish Chemist/Alchemist did Not believe in the Five-Element theory. He and some other scientists separated Chemistry from Alchemy. Chemistry was more scientific and real than alchemy. Robert Also wrote a book The Sceptical Chymist. He wrote about Chemical reactions. After him in 1774 Some Scottish Chemists Discovered Carbon dioxide CO2. Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier discovered that Air was made out of other things like Hydrogen and Oxygen. He also discovered How Oxygen helps fire work. Lavoisier also made one of the first Periodic tables.In 1870 Mendeleev wrote two books under the same name: The principles of Chemistry. He said he had a dream where he saw all the Elements drawn out. Then he wrote his Table. Mendeleev also helped make Vodka. Justus von Liebig worked on Organic Chemistry. In 1959 Richard Feynman ( american ) challenged his friends to construct nanostuff. You can learn more about that in the nanotechnology part of this. He was born in 1918 and helped with making the Atom bomb. He died of cancer.
Molecule H
The Idea of Elements and atoms combining started all the way back with the 5 elements idea. Aristotle said everything on earth was a some sort of combination of four elements. Fire,Earth,Air and Water. In the 17th century Descartes thought atoms combine with hooks and eyes. In the 18th century French chemists said that a force draws certain atoms together. This force was called Chemical Affinity. August Wilhelm von Hofmann was the first to make ball and stick models of molecules. We now know that atoms bond into Molecules with valence electrons. You can learn more about that in the Chemical Bonds and Chemical equations part of this. In 2009 scientists took pictures of actual molecules!

I love History and I think that chemistry is cool so together it is Gargantuanly awesome!!!!

Cooking chemistry
Cooking is Chemistry. It is mixing ingredients, changing their temperature and changing their shape physically. I myself love cooking healthy foods. An example of cooking Chemistry is Baking bread. You mix the ingredients (an example of a mixture. In mixtures matter physically changes. With compounds Matter chemically changes). Then you let the dough set and the yeast makes the dough expand( this is a chemical reaction. The yeast eats the sugars in the wheat and release carbon dioxide. This makes the bread rise). After that you cook and heat it. This makes the water in it evaporate and the Molecules in the Dough move quickly. When it gets hot enough the yeast dies. Here is a experiment I tried :LINK . There is also chemistry in meat. There are protein molecules in the meat. When meat is cooked The proteins combine with the sugars in the meat and make a brown color. This is called the Maillard reaction after the guy who discovered it. It happens when the proteins on the out side get hotter than the inside. Proteins are coiled up before the meat is cooked. When it get hot enough proteins uncoil. Cooking it also makes it easier to digest and destroys harmful germs. There is also Chemistry in cheese. We make our own Cheese. Bacteria in the milk digest the milk sugar and makes lactic acid. When you add enzymes, rennet or Vinegar (like we do) they combine to the Lactic acid( a compound. Formula C₃H₆O₃₎  and curdle the milk. Then they drain all the whey away and whats left is cheese! In Pickling Lactic acid stops bad bacteria from coming. 
Fast fact! 
waters name is dihydrogen oxide. Di-means two, so two hydrogen atoms and oxide oxygen Diffusion,Osmosis,Compounds and Nanotechnology
Diffusion
Diffusion is the movement of particles to areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Like when you but sugar in water. The sugar molecules diffuse away from the bottom where the sugar set. Molecules move on a concentration gradient. Molecules naturally move down a concentration gradient(Moving from high concentration to low concentration). They keep moving until it is equal ( equilibrium ). Molecules do not stop moving at equilibrium, But when they move it dose not mix it up more. Molecules always are moving or vibrating.  Diffusion is caused by the constant random motion of molecules. The Faster this motion is the faster diffusion happens. The hotter something is the faster the molecules move. So Diffusion happens fastest in gases then liquids and last solids. Diffusion is in lots of subjects. Its used in lots of technologies like Water purification. Diffusion happens with Energy too. If you heat one end of a metal then the heat would diffuse to the other end moving down a concentration gradient. The metal would also let out thermal radiation. . A type of Diffusion.Visible light is Thermal Radiation. When something gets the right temperature some energy diffuses into visible light . Electricity works with diffusion to. Electrons move from areas of high electron concentration to areas of low electron concentration. Molecular diffusion also makes nutrients and other molecules move around cell membranes. That is called Osmosis. Ideas can also diffuse in cultural diffusion but that's not chemistry.

Osmosis 
Osmosis is (like I wrote above) the movement of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane into and out of cells.When a animal cell is in a lot of water (Hypotonic) it takes as much water as it can until it bursts. If it is in to much salt ( Hypertonic ) it will dry up. That is why we need to watch are intake of salt and water.


Compounds 
Compounds are made when atoms combine in chemical reactions. Like water( H2O) and salt( NaCl). Compounds don't have to look like their original elements. When the atoms combine they go trough a chemical change.

Nanotechnology
Nanotech is the technology of  managing very small things. Things under 100 Nanometers. A Nanometer is 1 billionth of a meter. Nanometers are Incredibly small but one Nanometer is bigger than a atom. This tech deals with atoms and molecules. Richard Feynman an American Physicist said that you could build a motor 1/64 of an inch long or to build a page of a book 1/25,000 the size of a regular page. The Motor was made in 1960 and the page was made in 1985. They used a scanning electron microscope to read the page.  You can learn more about Microscopes here. By changing things at the Atomic level Chemists could change an elements properties. Like if you could add or take away Protons, Neutrons and electrons you could change lead into gold! Chemists have not exactly gotten there yet but they might in the future. Nanotech will be big in the future if you ask me. Nanotechnology can be used to make Nuclear fusion on earth real. You can learn more about that in the The Nuclear weapon, Radioactivity and Nuclear power part of this. Nano-scientists want to build nanobots. Teeny,tiny weeny robots. They could program these robots to do plenty of good things. Like they could be used to eat gases that contribute to global warming like Methane. They could be used to go in your bloodstrem without destroying anything but dangerous germs like cancer. They could be used to destroy all the Ticks and Mosquitoes in the world. They Could be used to Destroy Pollution. They could be used to play tiny soccer games the you could watch with a electron microscope. They could be used to stop fire. They could be used to repair buildings. They could be used to take pictures of Neutrinos ( learn more about these in the Quantum physics part of this) or other tiny particles like electrons. Nanobots will be useful. Nanotech could make the world a better place to live. But there might be some downsides. Nanobots could be used a weapons and viruses and destroy the world.This is called the grey goo problem.Here is the theory: People build a nanobot that duplicates every 6 or 7 minutes. After 2 days or so the nanobots will weigh more than the planet!.Here are some nanothings that have already been made: Nanotubes: These tubes are made out of carbon molecules. Nanotubes are one molecule thick black tubes.They are used in microscopy  ,Nanofiber:these are nano-sized fibers that might be used in stitching. They leave no scar. ,Nanomesh:Nanomesh is a web of lots nano-sized strings. They may be used in filtering air. ,Nanoshells:Nanoshells are tiny balls made out of metal that absorb and reflect every wavelength. They might be used for eyeglasses. ,Nanowires:these are super super thin wires. They can be used in electricity. ,Nanobalance:these are nano sized scales. They can weigh atoms! and the Nanogutiar:this is a super small guitar. . Eric Drexler was and is really important to Nanotechnology. He wrote many books on the subject. He founded a non-profit think tank that teaches people about Nanotechnology. He also popularized the term Nanotechnology.

sources: Brainpop,Wikipedia, Ted-Ed , The elements app, www.eurekalert.org,www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/bread/bread_science.html, http://www.ck12.org , What your Fifth grader needs to Know and Khan academy